Tolfenamic acid

Tolfenamic Acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent, selectively inhibits COX-2, with an IC50 of 13.49 μM (3.53 μg/mL) in LPS-treated (COX-2) canine DH82 monocyte/macrophage cells, but shows no effect on COX-1.

Research Areas >> Inflammation/Immunology

COX-2:13.49 μM (IC50, in cell)

Tolfenamic Acid is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, selectively inhibits COX-2, with an IC50 of 13.49 μM (3.53 μg/mL) in LPS-treated (COX-2) canine DH82 monocyte/macrophage cells, but shows no effect on COX-1[1]. Tolfenamic Acid (100 μM) inhibits >70% of cell viability of BE3, OE33, and SKGT5. Tolfenamic Acid also acts as a potent Sp protein inhibitor, decreases Sp1 and Sp4 and suppresses c-Met expression in esophageal cancer cells BE3 and SKGT5[2]. Tolfenamic Acid (50 μM) significantly affects gene expression in L3.6pl cells, and downregulates CENPF, KIF20A, LMNB1, MYB, SKP2, CCNE2, and DDIT3[3].

Tolfenamic Acid (50 mg/kg 3 times/wk, p.o.) inhibits tumor formation and tumor incidence in N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumor model. Tolfenamic Acid also causes decreases in tumor multiplicity and tumor volume in rats treated with NMBA[2].

All cells are grown in media (RPMI1640) supplemented with 5% serum and cultured at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. Twenty four hours after seeding, cells are treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO) or various concentrations of Tolfenamic Acid (25/50/100 μM). Cell viability assays are conducted at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment. Cells are treated with 50 μM Tolfenamic Acid and the cell pellets are harvested at 48 h post-treatment. These pellets are used to prepare cell lysates that are used in Western blot analyses[2].

Mice[2] The Fischer 344 (F-344) rat model of esophageal SCC are initially housed two per cage, but eventually separated to one per cage due to increase in size, and are maintained under standard, humane conditions (20±2°C, 50±10% relative humidity, 12-h light/dark cycles). Food and water are provided ad libitum. Body weights are recorded at the time of each dosing. Two weeks after arrival in the animal facility, the rats are randomLy assigned into 4 groups: C: NMBA (1-5 week); NTA: (NMBA 1-5 week and then Tolfenamic Acid 6-25 week); NC: Negative control (vehicle); and TA: Tolfenamic Acid negative control. Control (C) and NTA groups are injected s.c. with NMBA (0.5 mg/kg) in 0.2 mL vehicle three times per week for 5 weeks while negative control groups are injected with vehicle alone. NTA and Tolfenamic Acid groups also receive 50 mg/kg Tolfenamic Acid by oral gavage from week 6 through week 25. After the 25th week, the animals are sacrificed, esophagi are cut open longitudinally, and surface tumors are mapped and counted. The number and the size of lesions, including polyps are recorded and images captured. Tumor volume is calculated using the formula for a prolate spheroid: length × width × height × p/6[2].

[1]. Kay-Mugford P, et al. In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase activity in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2000 Jul;61(7):802-10.

[2]. Maliakal P, et al. Chemopreventive effects of tolfenamic acid against esophageal tumorigenesis in rats. Invest New Drugs. 2012 Jun;30(3):853-61.

[3]. Sankpal UT, et al. Tolfenamic acid-induced alterations in genes and pathways in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2017 Feb 28;8(9):14593-14603

4-Acetamidophenol | Aspirin | Paradol | Ginsenoside Rg3 | Ginsenoside Compound K | Xanthohumol | Ibuprofen | Diclofenac | NS-398 | Meloxicam | Flufenamic Acid | Epicatechin | Salicylic acid | ketoprofen | Naproxen

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C14-H12-Cl-N-O2

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

261.72

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

QVR BMR CG B1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

225 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - ataxia Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation

REFERENCE :

TOIZAG Toho Igakkai Zasshi. Journal of Medical Society of Toho University. (Toho Daigaku Igakkai, 21-16, Omori-nishi, 5-chome, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan) V.1- 1954- Volume(issue)/page/year: 28,99,1981

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

238 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands

REFERENCE :

TOIZAG Toho Igakkai Zasshi. Journal of Medical Society of Toho University. (Toho Daigaku Igakkai, 21-16, Omori-nishi, 5-chome, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan) V.1- 1954- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,851,1983

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

246 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,838,1983

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

280 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,838,1983

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

185 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,838,1983

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

267 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,838,1983

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

562 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation

REFERENCE :

TOIZAG Toho Igakkai Zasshi. Journal of Medical Society of Toho University. (Toho Daigaku Igakkai, 21-16, Omori-nishi, 5-chome, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan) V.1- 1954- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,851,1983 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system

REFERENCE :

OYYAA2 Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. (Oyo Yakuri Kenkyukai, CPO Box 180, Sendai 980-91, Japan) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 27,117,1984

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

648 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 17-22 day(s) after conception lactating female 21 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :

TOIZAG Toho Igakkai Zasshi. Journal of Medical Society of Toho University. (Toho Daigaku Igakkai, 21-16, Omori-nishi, 5-chome, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan) V.1- 1954- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,889,1983

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

264 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-17 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :

TOIZAG Toho Igakkai Zasshi. Journal of Medical Society of Toho University. (Toho Daigaku Igakkai, 21-16, Omori-nishi, 5-chome, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan) V.1- 1954- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,889,1983