Paraquat

Paraquat dichloride is an orally active, fast-acting, non-selective contact herbicide that is absorbed by leaves through some translocation of xylem. The adsorption of Paraquat dichloride is weakly dependent on PH value[1][2][3][4].

Research Areas >> Others

Signaling Pathways >> Others >> Others

Paraquat dichloride 在各种动物中的 LD50[2] Animal Number per Group Weight (g) Route of Administration LD50 (mg/kg) Female rats 6 130-160 Oral 112 (104-122) Female rats 10 150-205 Oral 150 (139-162) Female rats 6 130-160 Oral 141 (140-142) Female rats 6 130-160 Intraperitoneal 19 (16-21) Female rats 6 130-160 Intraperitoneal 16 (14-19) Female guinea-pigs 3 400-500 Intraperitoneal 3 Male guinea-pigs 5 190-250 Oral 30 (22-41) Rhode Island hens 5 1950-3000 Oral 262 (200-346) Female cats 3 2500-4400 Oral 35 (27-46)

[1]. Hamadi NK, et al. Adsorption of Paraquat dichloride from aqueous solution by activated carbon derived from used tires. J Hazard Mater. 2004 Aug 9;112(1-2):133-41.  

[2]. Clark D G, et al. The toxicity of paraquat[J]. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1966, 23(2): 126-132.

[3]. Ladipo M K, et al. Acute Toxicity, Behavioural Changes and Histopathological Effect of Paraquat Dichloride on Tissues of Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus)[J]. International Journal of Biology, 2011.

[4]. Lock E A, et al. Paraquat[M]//Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Academic Press, 2010: 1771-1827.

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C12-H14-N2.2Cl

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

257.18

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T6KJ A1 D- DT6KJ A1 &G 2

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration into the eye

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

TYPE OF TEST :

Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration into the eye

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

1720 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - acute pulmonary edema Liver - liver function tests impaired Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

3380 uL/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - sputum

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human

DOSE/DURATION :

214 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - chronic pulmonary edema Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

3 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - headache Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cough Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

32 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Gastrointestinal - other changes

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

43 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - other changes Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in both tubules and glomeruli Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - urine volume decreased

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

111 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

57 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

80 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

26 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Brain and Coverings - recordings from specific areas of CNS Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

27 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

21 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - acute pulmonary edema Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea Skin and Appendages - hair

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

120 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - fibrosis (interstitial) Biochemical - Metabolism (Intermediary) - lipids including transport

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

20 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - acute pulmonary edema Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

37 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

180 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :

25 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :

34500 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Primate - monkey

DOSE/DURATION :

50 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - emphysema Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - cat

DOSE/DURATION :

35 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

325 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Skin and Appendages - cutaneous sensitization, experimental (after topical exposure)

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

18 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - excitement Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Ocular

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

100 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - pig

DOSE/DURATION :

30 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :

22 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :

3 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Bird - chicken

DOSE/DURATION :

362 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Bird - duck

DOSE/DURATION :

199 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Bird - duck

DOSE/DURATION :

600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Parenteral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Amphibian - frog

DOSE/DURATION :

260 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Bird - turkey

DOSE/DURATION :

250 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Bird - turkey

DOSE/DURATION :

375 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Bird - turkey

DOSE/DURATION :

20 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Bird - turkey

DOSE/DURATION :

12500 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - domestic

DOSE/DURATION :

30 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - domestic

DOSE/DURATION :

1 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

608 mg/kg/19W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - other changes Endocrine - hypoglycemia Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

1638 mg/kg/13W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - changes in heart weight Liver - changes in liver weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

187 mg/kg/30D-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Blood - pigmented or nucleated red blood cells Blood - changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

232 mg/kg/15D-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - changes in lung weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical - Metabolism (Intermediary) - other proteins

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

13140 mg/kg/2Y-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Blood - changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

3276 mg/kg/13W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - changes in lung weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data - death

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

64 mg/kg/14D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes Biochemical - Metabolism (Intermediary) - lipids including transport Related to Chronic Data - death

TYPE OF TEST :

TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Inhalation

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :

400 ug/m3/6H/3W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

149 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-17 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Maternal Effects - other effects

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

14 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 1-3 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

300 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 1-3 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

14 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 1-3 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

DOSE :

6500 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 6 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

7 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1163 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :

multigeneration

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1785 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :

multigeneration

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other postnatal measures or effects

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

DOSE :

30150 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 8-16 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

TYPE OF TEST :

Specific locus test

TYPE OF TEST :

Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction

TYPE OF TEST :

Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified

TYPE OF TEST :

DNA inhibition

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified

TEST SYSTEM :

Bird - chicken Liver

DOSE/DURATION :

50 mg/L

REFERENCE :

EJTXAZ European Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene. (Paris, France) V.7-9, 1974-76. For publisher information, see TOERD9. Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,226,1975 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW FEPRA7 Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. (Bethesda, MD) V.1-46, 1942-87. Volume(issue)/page/year: 35,89,1976 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CNDQA8 Cahiers de Nutrition et de Dietetique. (Editions Meteore, 42, rue du Louvre, 75001 Paris, France) V.1- 1966- Volume(issue)/page/year: 10(3),43,1975 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CRTXB2 CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. (CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., NW, Boca Raton, FL 33431) V.1- 1971- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1(1),93,1971 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW DTTIAF Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift. (Hanover, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1-77, 1893-1970. Volume(issue)/page/year: 80,485,1973 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW FNSCA6 Forensic Science. (Lausanne, Switzerland) V.1-11, 1972-78. For pub lisher information, see FSINDR. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,67,1973 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW EVHPAZ EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,121,1976 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AJHPA9 American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. (American Soc. of Hospital Pharmacists, 4630 Montgomery Ave., Bethesda, MD 20814) V.15- 1958- Volume(issue)/page/year: 35,1368,1978 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CTOXAO Clinical Toxicology. (New York, NY) V.1-18, 1968-81. For publisher information, see JTCTDW. Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,1,1979 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-DENMARK:TWA 0.1 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 0.1 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 0.1 mg/m3;STEL 0.2 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 0.1 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 84723 No. of Facilities: 699 (estimated) No. of Industries: 2 No. of Occupations: 3 No. of Employees: 873 (estimated)