Povidone Iodine

Povidone iodine displays excellent antibacterial activity which can against MRSA and MSSA strains with MICs of 31.25 mg/L and 7.82 mg/L, respectively.

Signaling Pathways >> Anti-infection >> Bacterial

Research Areas >> Infection

MIC values of Povidone iodine (PVP-I) are 31.25 mg/L and 7.82 mg/L, respectively. Treatment of the cells with Povidone iodine (PVP-I) at a dilution of 1:32 causes a sharp reduction in cell viability by 90-95% on all testing cell lines[1].

The Dp+Povidone iodine (PVP-I) group has the second highest average score from day 13 to the end of the experimental period. The Dp+Povidone iodine and Dp+Et-OH groups also show a significantly increase in eosinophil count compare with the control group (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). However, the eosinophil count does not significantly differ among the Dp+Povidone iodine (PVP-I), Dp+CHG, and Dp+vehicle groups[2].

Each bacterial isolate is washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), centrifuged for 10 min at 1932xg at 20°C, and suspended in 3 mL of nutrient broth, adjusted to a turbidity equivalent of 0.5 McFarland standard. The bacterial suspension is diluted 1:100 with MHB to a final inoculum of 106 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL. For each bacterial strain, two rows of a 96-well microtitre plate are filled with the final bacterial inoculum (50 μL per well) and 50 μL of each serial dilution of ILαD. The procedure is repeated for the Povidone iodine (PVP-I) serial dilutions[1].

The mice are divided into 6 groups as follows: 1) saline+vehicle (control group), 2) Dp+vehicle, 3) Dp+BZK, 4) Dp+Povidone iodine (PVP-I), 5) Dp+Et-OH, and 6) Dp+CHG. Animals in the experimental groups are exposed to the allergen through the subcutaneous injection of 5 µg of Dp dissolving in 10 µL of saline in the ventral side of the right ear 2 to 3 days a week (a total of 8 times) under anesthesia with 4% halothane. Animals in the control group are not sensitized, receiving a subcutaneous injection of 10 µL of saline in the ventral side of the right ear. Animals receive an application of antiseptic agent are exposed to the allergen and treated with 0.2% (w/v) benzalkonium chloride (Dp+BZK), 10% (w/v) povidone-iodine (Dp+PVP-I), 80% (v/v) ethanol (Dp+Et-OH) or 0.5% (v/v) chlorhexidine gluconate (Dp+CHG). These agents are applied a total of 15 times during the experimental period. The BZK, Povidone iodine (PVP-I), Et-OH, and CHG are dissolved in 25 µL of injection water and applied gently to the dorsal side of the right ear using a micropipette with a fine plastic tip. The animals in the Dp+vehicle and control groups receive 25 µL of injection water. All animals are sacrificed on the last day of the experiment (day 18)[2].

[1]. Zisi AP, et al. Iodine-lithium-alpha-dextrin (ILαD) against Staphylococcus aureus skin infections: a comparative study of in-vitro bactericidal activity and cytotoxicity between ILαD and povidone-iodine. J Hosp Infect. 2017 Jul 20. pii: S0195-6701(17)30395-X.

[2]. Kaori Sadakane, et al. Effect of the Hand Antiseptic Agents Benzalkonium Chloride, Povidone-Iodine, Ethanol, and Chlorhexidine Gluconate on Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice. Int J Med Sci. 2015; 12(2): 116–125.

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HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human

DOSE/DURATION :

3400 mg/kg/24H

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Blood - hemorrhage Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

>8 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

3450 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

640 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

8100 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

4100 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

480 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

1450 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 15-22 day(s) after conception lactating female 3 week(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

11600 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 15-22 day(s) after conception lactating female 3 week(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

11600 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 15-22 day(s) after conception lactating female 3 week(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other postnatal measures or effects

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

Mutation in mammalian somatic cells

TEST SYSTEM :

Rodent - mouse Lymphocyte

DOSE/DURATION :

5000 ppm

REFERENCE :

APTOD9 Abstracts of Papers, Society of Toxicology. Annual Meetings. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) Volume(issue)/page/year: 19,A106,1980 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - M0524 No. of Facilities: 1794 (estimated) No. of Industries: 14 No. of Occupations: 15 No. of Employees: 65694 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X7540 No. of Facilities: 7099 (estimated) No. of Industries: 35 No. of Occupations: 49 No. of Employees: 1075065 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 939668 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X9186 No. of Facilities: 798 (estimated) No. of Industries: 3 No. of Occupations: 16 No. of Employees: 94521 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 86562 (estimated)