Cyclo(-His-Pro)

Cyclo(His-Pro) is a cyclic dipeptide structurally related to tyreotropin-releasing hormone. Cyclo(His-Pro) could inhibit NF-κB nuclear accumulation.

Peptides

Research Areas >> Neurological Disease

Natural Products >> Others

NF-κB

Human Endogenous Metabolite

Cyclo(His-Pro) is a cyclic dipeptide derived from the hydrolytic removal of the amino-terminal pyroglutamic acid residue of the hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Cyclo(His-Pro) is ubiquitous in the central nervous system and is a key substrate of organic cation transporters, which are strongly linked to neuroprotection. The cyclic dipeptide can also cross the brain-blood-barrier and, once in the brain, can affect diverse inflammatory and stress responses by modifying the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling axis[1]. Cyclo(His-Pro) inhibits NF-κB nuclear accumulation induced by paraquat in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells via the Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway[2].

Mice that receives cyclo(His-Pro) pre-treatment shows a significant decrease in the oedematogenic response, confirming that the cyclic dipeptide can exert anti-inflammatory effect[2]. Cyclo(His-Pro) exerts in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in the central nervous system by down-regulating hepatic and cerebral TNFα expression thereby counteracting LPS-induced gliosis. Moreover, by up-regulating Bip, cyclo(His-Pro) increases the ER stress sensitivity andtriggers the unfolded protein response to alleviate the ER stress[3].

Immortalised murine microglial BV2 cells are incubated for 24 h with 50 μM cyclo(His-Pro), and then exposed to IL-6 (5 ng/mL) for 24 h. Live cells were counted by hemocytometer and viability assessed by the conventional MTT reduction assay after washing the cells with PBS[2].

Mice: Cyclo(His-Pro) anti-inflammatory effect is determined by topical application on the right ear of the second group (thirty C57BL/6 mice) of 1.8 mg/ear of cyclo(His-Pro) 30 min prior to TPA. Ear thickness is measured before and after induction of the inflammatory response by a micrometre[2].

[1]. Grottelli S, et al. The Role of Cyclo(His-Pro) in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Aug 12;17(8). pii: E1332.

[2]. Minelli A, et al. Cyclo(His-Pro) exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signalling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2012 Mar;44(3):525-35.

[3]. Bellezza I, et al. Neuroinflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress are coregulated by cyclo(His-Pro) to prevent LPS neurotoxicity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2014 Jun;51:159-69.

3-Methyladenine | BAY 11-7082 | Hydrocortisone | Acetylcysteine(N-acetylcysteine) | Retinoic acid | Ammonium 1-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate | Melatonine | SN50 | Dinoprostone | Triptolide | Nicotinamide | Adenosine triphosphate | 4-Acetamidophenol | Prostaglandin E1 | JSH-23