Methylthiouracil

Methylthiouracil is an antithyroid agent. Methylthiouracil suppresses the production TNF-α and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB and ERK1/2.

Signaling Pathways >> Immunology/Inflammation >> Interleukin Related

Signaling Pathways >> Apoptosis >> TNF Receptor

Research Areas >> Inflammation/Immunology

NF-κB

TNF-α

IL-6

ERK1

ERK2

HUVECs are treated with various concentrations of MTU (0-20 μM) for 6 h after the addition of LPS (100 ng/mL) for 4 h. MTU inhibits LPS-mediated hyperpermeability in endothelial cells, with the optimal effect occurring at a concentration above 5 μM. The effects of MTU are examined on HUVEC actin cytoskeletal arrangement by immunofluorescence staining of HUVEC monolayers with F-actin labeled fluorescein phalloidin. Control HUVECs exhibit a random distribution of F-actin throughout the cells, with some localization of actin filament bundles at the cell boundaries. Barrier disruption by LPS (100 ng/mL) is manifested by the formation of paracellular gaps in HUVECs. In addition, post-treatment with MTU (10 or 20 μM) results in inhibited formation of LPS-induced paracellular gaps with the formation of dense F-actin rings. To test the cytotoxicity of MTU, cellular viability assays are performed in HUVECs treated with MTU for 24 h. At concentrations up to 20 μM, MTU does not affect cell viability[1].

MTU treatment results in marked inhibition of the peritoneal leakage of dye induced by LPS. The average circulating blood volume for mice is 72 mL/kg. Because the average mouse weight in this study is 27 g, and the average blood volume is 2 mL, the injected MTU (142 or 284 μg/kg) results in a maximum concentration of 10 or 20 μM in the peripheral blood[1].

MTT is used as an indicator of cell viability. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are grown in 96-well plates at a density of 5×103 cells/well. After 24 h, the cells are washed with fresh medium and treated with MTU (0-20 μM). After a 48 h incubation period, the cells are washed, and 100 μL of MTT (1 mg/mL) is added, followed by incubation for 4 h. Finally, DMSO (150 μL) is added to solubilize the formazan salt formed, and the amount of formazan salt is determined by measuring the OD at 540 nm using a microplate reader [1].

Mice[1] Male C57BL/6 mice (6-7 weeks old; average weight, 27 g) are used in this study. Mice are administered LPS (0.3 mg/mouse or 15 mg/kg, intravenously). After 4 h, the mice are intravenously treated with MTU (142 or 284 μg/kg, for 6 h) and injected with 1% Evans blue dye solution in normal saline. Six hours later, the mice are sacrificed and peritoneal exudates are collected by washing cavities with 5 mL of normal saline and by centrifuging at 200× g for 10 min. The absorbance of the supernatant is read at 650 nm. Vascular permeabilities are expressed as μg of dye/mouse that leaked into the peritoneal cavity and are determined using a standard curve.

[1]. Ku SK, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of methylthiouracil in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015 Nov 1;288(3):374-86.

BAY 11-7082 | SCH772984 | Ammonium 1-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate | SN50 | AP 1903 | Triptolide | Ravoxertinib | Honokiol | Pomalidomide | JSH-23 | Shikonine | Sodium tauroursodeoxycholate | Bay 11-7085 | DMXAA (Vadimezan) | Rocaglamide

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C5-H6-N2-O-S

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

142.19

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T6MYMVJ BUS F1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

1500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NATUAS Nature. (Nature Subscription Dept., POB 1018, Manasguan, NJ 08736) V.1- 1869- Volume(issue)/page/year: 157,659,1946

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

920 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes

REFERENCE :

FRPSAX Farmaco, Edizione Scientifica. (Casella Postale 227, 27100 Pavia, Italy) V.8-43 1953-88 For publisher information, see FRMCE8 Volume(issue)/page/year: 13,882,1958

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

200 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD277-689

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

2500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

85KYAH "Merck Index; an Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals", 11th ed., Rahway, NJ 07065, Merck & Co., Inc. 1989 Volume(issue)/page/year: 11,963,1989 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

5950 mg/kg/17W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data - death

REFERENCE :

NATUAS Nature. (Nature Subscription Dept., POB 1018, Manasguan, NJ 08736) V.1- 1869- Volume(issue)/page/year: 157,659,1946 ** TUMORIGENIC DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

9100 mg/kg/2Y-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Endocrine - thyroid tumors

REFERENCE :

CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year: 19,870,1959

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

196 gm/kg/1Y-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors Endocrine - thyroid tumors

REFERENCE :

CANCAR Cancer (Philadelphia). (Lippincott/Harper, Journal Fulfillment Dept., 2350 Virginia Ave., Hagerstown, MD 21740) V.1- 1948- Volume(issue)/page/year: 40,2188,1977

TYPE OF TEST :

TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

53750 mg/kg/65W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Endocrine - thyroid tumors

REFERENCE :

BJCAAI British Journal of Cancer. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants. RG21 2XS, UK) V.1- 1947- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,181,1953

TYPE OF TEST :

TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

27783 mg/kg/60W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Endocrine - thyroid tumors

REFERENCE :

BJCAAI British Journal of Cancer. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants. RG21 2XS, UK) V.1- 1947- Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,223,1950 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Unreported

DOSE :

1344 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 19-42 week(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - endocrine system Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other neonatal measures or effects

REFERENCE :

LANCAO Lancet. (7 Adam St., London WC2N 6AD, UK) V.1- 1823- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,1281,1953

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

375 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 10-16 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

REFERENCE :

ZYDXEN Zhongguo Yike Daxue Xuebao. Journal of China Medical University. (China International Book Trading Corp. POB 399, Beijing 100044, Peop. Rep. China) V.1- 19??-m/* Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,349,1992

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

10 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :

KAIZAN Kaibogaku Zasshi. Journal of Anatomy. (Nippon Kaibo Gakkai, c/o Tokyo Daigaku Igakubu, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan) V.1- 1928- Volume(issue)/page/year: 42,90,1967

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

900 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 1-18 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - endocrine system

REFERENCE :

OSDIAF Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Igaku Zasshi. Journal of the Osaka City Medical Center. (Osaka, Japan) V.4-23, 1955-74. For publisher information, see OIGZDE. Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,1281,1959 *** REVIEWS *** IARC Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,53,1974 IARC Cancer Review:Human No Adequate Data IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,53,1974 IARC Cancer Review:Group 2B IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,56,1987 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AMSSAQ Acta Medica Scandinavica, Supplement. (Almqvist & Wiksell, POB 45150, S-10430 Stockholm, Sweden) No.1-730, 1921-88. Volume(issue)/page/year: 196,85,1947 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW MJAUAJ Medical Journal of Australia. (Australasian Medical Pub. Co. Ltd., 71-79 Arundel St., Glebe, N.S.W., Australia) V.1- 1914- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,524,1948