Acarbose

Names

[ Name ]:
Acarbose

[Synonym ]:
β-D-Glucopyranose, O-4,6-dideoxy-4-[[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino]-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-
Acarbose
(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-{[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydro
BAY-g 5421
EINECS 260-030-7
(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-méthyl-5-{[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyméthyl)cyclohex-2-én-1-yl]amino}tétrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxyméthyl)tétrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxyméthyl)tétrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4-triol
4,6-Dideoxy-4-{[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino}-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-β-D-glucopyranose
O-4,6-Dideoxy-4-[[[1S-(1a,4a,5b,6a)]-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino]-a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1®4)-O-a-D-glucopyranosyl-(1®4)-D-glucose
MFCD00869592
Ascarbose
acarviostatin I01
Bay g 5421
4",6"-dideoxy-4"-[(1 S )-(1,4,6/5)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-2-cyclohexenylamino]maltotriose
(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-méthyl-5-{[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyméthyl)cyclohex-2-én-1-yl]amino}tétrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydro
(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-{[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4-triol
4,6-Dideoxy-4-{[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino}-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-β-D-glucopyranose
bay-g5421
Prandase
Precose
Glucobay
Precos

Biological Activity

[Description]:

Acarbose is an inhibitor of alpha glucosidase, an anti-diabetic drug.

[Related Catalog]:

Signaling Pathways >> Others >> Others

Research Areas >> Metabolic Disease

[In Vitro]

Acarbose (1, 2, and 3 μM) dose- and time-dependently inhibits TNF-α-induced VSMC proliferation and migration. Acarbose (1, 2, and 3 μM) dose-dependently decreases β-galactosidase, Ras expression and increased p-AMPK expression in TNF-α pre-treated A7r5 cells[2].

[In Vivo]

Acarbose (300 mg/60 kg body weight) decreases the fasting blood glucose, and regulates the glucose tolerance of DM rats without body weight loss. Acarbose significantly suppresses serum IL6 and TNF-α in DM rats[1]. Acarbose (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently decreases the intensity of neointimal IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS staining, and significantly increases the intensity of neointimal p-AMPK staining. Acarbose (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently decreases neointimal Ras and β-galactosidase expression in HCD-fed rabbits without body weight loss[2].

[Cell Assay]

Cell viability is determined using the MTT assay. Cells are seeded in 24-well culture plates at a density of 2×104 cells/well, incubated for 48 h, treated with acarbose at varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 μM) for 24 h; or pre-treated with TNF-α (20 ng/mL) for either 24 h or 48 h to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of acarbose on VSMC growth and viability, cultured with 0.5 mg/mL MTT at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 for another 4 h, and solubilized with isopropanol. The viable cell number varies directly with the concentration of formazan product measured spectrophotometrically at 563 nm.

[Animal admin]

Twenty-four male New Zealand white rabbits, weighing 2500 g are used. They are individually housed in metal cages in an air-conditioned room (22 ± 2°C, 55 ± 5% humidity), under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle with free access to food and water. All rabbits are randomLy assigned to four groups of 6 animals each and are fed either standard chow (Group I), high cholesterol diet (HCD; containing 95.7% standard Purina chow + 3% lard oil + 0.5% cholesterol) (Group II), HCD diet and 2.5 mg/kg per day acarbose (Group III), or HCD diet and 5.0 mg/kg per day acarbose (Group IV). At the end of the 25 weeks, all rabbits are sacrificed by exsanguination under deep anesthesia with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg i.v.) injected via the marginal ear vein. Serum is stored at −80°C prior to measurement of serum values. The aortic arch and thoracic aortas are carefully removed to protect the endothelial lining, and are collected and freed of adhering soft tissue.

[References]

[1]. Zhang Q, et al. Acarbose Reduces Blood Glucose by Activating miR-10a-5p and miR-664 in Diabetic Rats. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 18;8(11):e79697.

[2]. Chan KC, et al. Pleiotropic effects of acarbose on atherosclerosis development in rabbits are mediated via upregulating AMPK signals. Sci Rep. 2016 Dec 7;6:3864

[Related Small Molecules]

Chemical & Physical Properties

[ Density]:
1.7±0.1 g/cm3

[ Boiling Point ]:
971.6±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ Melting Point ]:
165-170ºC

[ Molecular Formula ]:
C₂₅H₄₃NO₁₈

[ Molecular Weight ]:
645.605

[ Flash Point ]:
541.4±34.3 °C

[ Exact Mass ]:
645.247986

[ PSA ]:
321.17000

[ LogP ]:
-4.16

[ Vapour Pressure ]:
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C

[ Index of Refraction ]:
1.689

MSDS

Click to get detail MSDS

Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: LZ7153000

CHEMICAL NAME :: D-Glucose, O-4,6-dideoxy-4-(((1S-(1-alpha,4-alpha,5-beta,6-alpha ))-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3- (hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)amino)-alpha-D-gluc opyranosyl-(1-4)-O-al pha- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 56180-94-0

LAST UPDATED :: 199704

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 7

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C25-H43-N-O18

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 645.69

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 360 mg/kg/60D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Liver - liver function tests impaired

REFERENCE :: AIMEAS Annals of Internal Medicine. (American College of Physicians, 4200 Pine St., Philadelphia, PA 19104) V.1- 1927- Volume(issue)/page/year: 124,931,1996

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 24 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,2,1995

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 12 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,2,1995

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 6 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,2,1995

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 24 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,2,1995

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 12 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,2,1995 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 72800 mg/kg/13W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Gastrointestinal - other changes Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - other Enzymes

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,4341,1989

Safety Information

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter

[ Safety Phrases ]:
24/25

[ RIDADR ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

[ RTECS ]:
LZ7153000

[ HS Code ]:
29400090

Synthetic Route

Click to get detail synthetic route

Precursor & DownStream

Precursor

DownStream

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