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Gene Editing: A New Tool for Viral Disease
10.1146/annurev-med-051215-031129 2017-01-18 The emergence of the CRISPR/Cas system of antiviral adaptive immunity in bacteria as a facile system for gene editing in mammalian cells may well lead to gene editing becoming a novel treatment for a range of human diseases, especially those caused by deleter... |
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The Type I Interferonopathies
10.1146/annurev-med-050715-104506 2017-01-18 Type I interferons (IFNs) play a central role in the immune defense against viral infections. Type I IFN activation is induced by pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immune system that sense pathogen-derived nucleic acids. Cellular responses to type I... |
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Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Screening, Surveillance, and Management
10.1146/annurev-med-050715-104218 2017-01-18 Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a growing problem with a rapidly rising incidence. Risk factors include gastroesophageal reflux disease, central obesity, and smoking. The prognosis of EAC remains poor because it is usually diagnosed late, and many efforts ... |
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Management of Rectal Cancer Without Radical Resection
10.1146/annurev-med-062915-021419 2017-01-18 The basis of the current treatment of rectal cancer is a radical total mesorectal excision of the rectum, and although this provides excellent oncological control, it is associated with morbidity and functional problems in cancer survivors. Organ-preservation... |
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The End of Nihilism: Systemic Therapy of Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
10.1146/annurev-med-042915-102442 2017-01-18 Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and many other parts of the world. Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises 85–90% of lung cancers. Historically, the expected survival of patients with advanced disease has been estima... |
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CAR T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors
10.1146/annurev-med-062315-120245 2017-01-18 The field of cancer immunotherapy has been re-energized by the application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in cancers. These CAR T cells are engineered to express synthetic receptors that redirect polyclonal T cells to surface antigens for s... |
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Precision Medicine in Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Leukemias: Lessons from Sequential Mutations
10.1146/annurev-med-062915-095637 2017-01-18 Precision medicine can be simply defined as the identification of personalized treatment that matches patient-specific clinical and genomic characteristics. Since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, significant advances have been made in our u... |
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Next-Generation Sequencing and Result Interpretation in Clinical Oncology: Challenges of Personalized Cancer Therapy
10.1146/annurev-med-102115-021556 2017-01-18 The tools of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, such as targeted sequencing of candidate cancer genes and whole-exome and -genome sequencing, coupled with encouraging clinical results based on the use of targeted therapeutics and biomarker-guided cl... |
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Update and Future
10.1146/annurev-med-042915-102623 2017-01-18 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a worldwide disease whose prevalence is increasing as obesity rates increase. The link between obesity and OSA is likely to be the deposition of fat in the tongue, compromising upper airway size. The role of obesity varies in ... |
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Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
10.1146/annurev-med-051215-031109 2017-01-18 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a major cause of cirrhosis and liver-related deaths worldwide. NASH is strongly associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, conditions that cause lipid accumulation in hepatocytes (hepatic steatosis). It ... |