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甲硝唑

甲硝唑用途

Metronidazole是硝基咪唑类抗生素,对厌氧菌和原生动物较有效。

甲硝唑名称

[ CAS 号 ]:
443-48-1

[ 中文名 ]:
甲硝唑

[ 英文名 ]:
Metronidazole

[中文别名 ]:

[英文别名 ]:

Eumin
Bexon
Klont
2-(2-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol
Elyzol
2-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-1-imidazolyl)ethanol
Cont
Klion
EINECS 207-136-1
2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol

甲硝唑生物活性

[ 描述 ]:

Metronidazole是硝基咪唑类抗生素,对厌氧菌和原生动物较有效。

[ 相关类别 ]:

信号通路 >> 抗感染 >> 细菌

信号通路 >> 抗感染 >> 寄生物

研究领域 >> 感染

[参考文献]

[1]. In Schaechter, M.; Engleberg, N. C.; DiRita, V. J. et al. Schaechter's Mechanisms of Microbial Disease. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 28.

[2]. http://www.drugs.com/monograph/metronidazole.html

[3]. Cohen, S.H., et al., Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,

[相关活性小分子]

甲硝唑物理化学性质

[ 密度 ]:
1.5±0.1 g/cm3

[ 沸点 ]:
405.4±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ 熔点 ]:
159-161 °C(lit.)

[ 分子式 ]:
C₆H₉N₃O₃

[ 分子量 ]:
171.154

[ 闪点 ]:
199.0±23.2 °C

[ 精确质量 ]:
171.064392

[ PSA ]:
83.87000

[ LogP ]:
-0.01

[ 外观性状 ]:
白色至略黄色结晶粉末

[ 蒸汽压 ]:
0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C

[ 折射率 ]:
1.612

[ 储存条件 ]:
2-8°C

[ 稳定性 ]:
Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

[ 水溶解性 ]:
acetic acid: 0.1 M, clear, faintly yellow | <0.1 g/100 mL at 20 ºC

甲硝唑MSDS

甲硝唑毒性和生态

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: NI5600000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Imidazole-1-ethanol, 2-methyl-5-nitro-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 443-48-1

BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :: 0611683

LAST UPDATED :: 199801

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 77

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C6-H9-N3-O3

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 171.18

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: T5N CNJ A2Q B1 ENW

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 40 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 3570 ug/kg/D

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Liver - jaundice, other or unclassified Liver - other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature increase

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 12 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - effect, not otherwise specified Behavioral - tremor

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 1030 mg/kg/8W

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - paresthesis Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - structural change in nerve or sheath

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 100 mg/kg/5D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions Behavioral - toxic psychosis Behavioral - irritability

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 3 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 3800 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - other oxidoreductases

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 870 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 3640 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 34 gm/kg/34D-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - hematuria Related to Chronic Data - death Related to Chronic Data - changes in testicular weight

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 6500 mg/kg/26D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data - death

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 219 gm/kg/2Y-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors Skin and Appendages - tumors

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 181 gm/kg/72W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease

TYPE OF TEST :: TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 27 gm/kg/35W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages - tumors Reproductive - Tumorigenic effects - uterine tumors

TYPE OF TEST :: TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 8 gm/kg/14W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease

TYPE OF TEST :: TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 3 gm/kg/14W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages - tumors

TYPE OF TEST :: TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 21800 mg/kg/2Y-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors

TYPE OF TEST :: TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 1680 mg/kg female 1-21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Reproductive - Tumorigenic effects - transplacental tumorigenesis Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - tumors

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 16800 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: male 42 day(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 22400 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: male 56 day(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Unreported

DOSE :: 750 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 30 day(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Maternal Effects - uterus, cervix, vagina

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

DOSE :: 60 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 8-14 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

TYPE OF TEST :: Cytogenetic analysis

TYPE OF TEST :: Cytogenetic analysis

TYPE OF TEST :: Cytogenetic analysis

TYPE OF TEST :: Sister chromatid exchange

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: DNA adduct

TEST SYSTEM :: Mammal - species unspecified Lymphocyte

DOSE/DURATION :: 60 umol/L

REFERENCE :: MOPMA3 Molecular Pharmacology. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1965- Volume(issue)/page/year: 13,872,1977 *** REVIEWS *** IARC Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 13,113,1977 IARC Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,250,1987 IARC Cancer Review:Group 2B IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,250,1987 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW JACHDX Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1975- Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,205,1977 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW ADCMAZ Advances in Chemotherapy. (New York, NY) V.1-3, 1964-68. For publisher information, see AVPCAQ. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,39,1968 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X4277 No. of Facilities: 216 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 4 No. of Employees: 5262 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 2655 (estimated)

甲硝唑安全信息

[ 符号 ]:

GHS08

[ 信号词 ]:
Warning

[ 危害声明 ]:
H351

[ 警示性声明 ]:
P281

[ 个人防护装备 ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves

[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
T:Toxic

[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R40;R46;R45

[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
36/37-45-53

[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

[ WGK德国 ]:
3

[ RTECS号 ]:
NI5600000

[ 海关编码 ]:
2933990090

甲硝唑合成路线

甲硝唑上下游产品

甲硝唑上游产品

甲硝唑下游产品

甲硝唑制备

1.由2-甲基-5-硝基咪唑（见25010）与环氧乙烷加成而得。将2-甲基-5-硝基咪唑溶解于甲酸中，在30-40℃逐次加入环氧乙烷，并在加料中间加硫酸。加毕，反应1h。减压回收甲酸，加水溶解后冷却至10℃，过滤。滤液用氢氧化钠溶液调至pH=10，放置冷却，过滤，水洗至近中改建。用水重结晶。活性炭脱色，即得甲硝唑。反应式如下：

甲硝唑海关

[ 海关编码 ]: 2933290090

[ 中文概述 ]:
2933290090. 其他结构含非稠合咪唑环的化合物. 增值税率:17.0%. 退税率:13.0%. 监管条件:无. 最惠国关税:6.5%. 普通关税:20.0%

[ 申报要素 ]: 品名, 成分含量, 用途, 乌洛托品请注明外观, 6－己内酰胺请注明外观, 签约日期

[ Summary ]:
2933290090. other compounds containing an unfused imidazole ring (whether or not hydrogenated) in the structure. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:20.0%

甲硝唑文献

A trisubstituted benzimidazole cell division inhibitor with efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

PLoS ONE 9(4) , e93953, (2014)

Trisubstituted benzimidazoles have demonstrated potency against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Previously, a library of novel trisubstituted benzimidazoles was constructed for hi...

Indirect electroreduction as pretreatment to enhance biodegradability of metronidazole.

J. Hazard. Mater. 278 , 172-9, (2014)

The removal of metronidazole, a biorecalcitrant antibiotic, by coupling an electrochemical reduction with a biological treatment was examined. Electroreduction was performed in a home-made flow cell a...

Carrier Mediated Distribution System (CAMDIS): a new approach for the measurement of octanol/water distribution coefficients.

Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 68 , 68-77, (2015)

Here we present a miniaturized assay, referred to as Carrier-Mediated Distribution System (CAMDIS) for fast and reliable measurement of octanol/water distribution coefficients, log D(oct). By introduc...

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甲硝唑