正丁醇
正丁醇用途
用于生产乙酸丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯及磷酸类增塑剂，还用于生产三聚氰胺树脂、丙烯酸、环氧清漆等
【用途二】
用作色谱分析试剂，也用于有机合成等
【用途三】
丁醇是除草剂2，4-滴丁酯、丁草胺、吡氟禾草灵(稳杀得)和精吡氟禾草灵的中间体。
【用途四】
丁醇是我国《食品添加剂使用卫生标准》规定允许使用的食品香料，主要用于配制香蕉、奶油、威士忌和干酪等型食用香精。在糖果中使用量为34mg/kg；烘烤食品中32mg/kg；软饮料中12mg/kg；冷饮中7.0mg/kg；稀奶油中4.0mg/kg；酒类1.0mg/kg。
【用途五】
GB 2760—96规定为允许使用的食用香料。主要用于配制香蕉、奶油、威士忌和干酪等型香精。亦用作萃取用溶剂、色素稀释剂。
【用途六】
主要用于制造邻苯二甲酸、脂肪族二元酸及磷酸的正丁酯类增塑剂，它们广泛用于各种塑料和橡胶制品中。也是有机合成中制丁醛、丁酸、丁胺和乳酸丁酯等的原料。还是油脂、药物（如抗生素、激素和维生素）和香料的萃取剂，醇酸树脂涂料的添加剂等。又可用作有机染料和印刷油墨的溶剂，脱蜡剂。
【用途七】
作为溶剂用以分离高氯酸钾及高氯酸钠，也可分离氯化钠及氯化锂。用以洗涤乙酸铀酰锌钠沉淀。比色测定中钼酸盐法测定砷酸时用。测定牛乳中的脂肪，皂化酯类的介质。显微分析时制备石蜡包埋物质。用作脂肪、蜡、树脂、虫胶、树胶等的溶剂。
正丁醇名称
[ CAS 号 ]:
71-36-3
[ 中文名 ]:
正丁醇
[ 英文名 ]:
Butanol
[中文别名 ]:
[英文别名 ]:
- butan alcohol
- n-C4H9OH
- Butanol-1
- n-Butul alcohol
- 1-butyl alcohol
- n-butyl alcohol
- MFCD08273554
- 1-Butanol
- EINECS 200-751-6
正丁醇物理化学性质
[ 密度 ]:
0.8±0.1 g/cm3
[ 沸点 ]:
117.7±3.0 °C at 760 mmHg
[ 熔点 ]:
-89 °C
[ 分子式 ]:
C4H10O
[ 分子量 ]:
74.122
[ 闪点 ]:
35.0±0.0 °C
[ 精确质量 ]:
74.073166
[ PSA ]:
20.23000
[ LogP ]:
0.88
[ 外观性状 ]:
无色液体
[ 蒸汽密度 ]:
2.55 (vs air)
[ 蒸汽压 ]:
8.5±0.4 mmHg at 25°C
[ 折射率 ]:
1.396
[ 储存条件 ]:
库房通风低温干燥,与氧化剂,三氧化铬,铝分开存放
[ 稳定性 ]:
Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, aluminium, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, copper, copper alloys. Flammable.
[ 水溶解性 ]:
80 g/L (20 ºC)
正丁醇MSDS
正丁醇毒性和生态
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
- RTECS NUMBER :
- EO1400000
- CHEMICAL NAME :
- Butyl alcohol
- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
- 71-36-3
- LAST UPDATED :
- 199712
- DATA ITEMS CITED :
- 69
- MOLECULAR FORMULA :
- C4-H10-O
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
- 74.14
- WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
- Q4
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 25 ppm
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Olfaction) - effect, not otherwise specified Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - conjunctive irritation Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 790 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - fatty liver degeneration Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes Blood - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 8000 ppm/4H
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1122 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 310 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2680 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 254 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3200 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 377 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1760 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Gastrointestinal - other changes Blood - hemorrhage
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Gastrointestinal - other changes Blood - hemorrhage
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - cat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 243 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3484 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - corneal damage Cardiac - pulse rate Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3400 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3500 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - species unspecified
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 28400 mg/m3
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - wild bird species
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2500 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 46500 mg/kg/13W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - ataxia Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7 mL/kg/7D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - other changes Biochemical - Effect on specific coenzyme - B vitamins including folate
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 6600 ug/m3/24H/17W-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Brain and Coverings - recordings from specific areas of CNS Vascular - regional or general arteriolar or venous dilation Liver - liver function tests impaired
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 157 mg/kg/4D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - ataxia
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 6600 ug/m3/24H/17W-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Brain and Coverings - recordings from specific areas of CNS Liver - liver function tests impaired Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 35295 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 35295 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 6000 ppm/7H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-19 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 8000 ppm/7H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-19 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
MUTATION DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction
- TEST SYSTEM :
- Rodent - hamster Lung
- REFERENCE :
- MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 182,135,1987 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-CL 152 mg/m3 (50 ppm) (skin) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW JACTDZ Journal of the American College of Toxicology. (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 1651 Third Ave., New York, NY 10128) V.1-12, 1982-1993. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 6(3),403,1987 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,31,1971 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,50-204.50,1994 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-AUSTRIA:TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:STEL 50 ppm (152 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-DENMARK:STEL 50 ppm (150 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3);STEL 75 ppm (225 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:STEL 50 ppm (150 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-HUNGARY:TWA 100 mg/m3;STEL 200 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-INDIA:TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-JAPAN:STEL 50 ppm (150 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:STEL 50 ppm (10 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:TWA 15 ppm (45 mg/m3);STEL 30 ppm (90 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3);STEL 100 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-TURKEY:TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3);STEL 50 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO n-BUTYL ALCOHOL-air:CL 50 ppm (Sk) REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 13850 No. of Facilities: 60975 (estimated) No. of Industries: 306 No. of Occupations: 160 No. of Employees: 678026 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 13850 No. of Facilities: 57416 (estimated) No. of Industries: 304 No. of Occupations: 179 No. of Employees: 1059965 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 269422 (estimated)
正丁醇安全信息
[ 符号 ]:
GHS02, GHS05, GHS07
[ 信号词 ]:
Danger
[ 危害声明 ]:
H226-H302-H315-H318-H335-H336
[ 警示性声明 ]:
P210-P280-P301 + P312 + P330-P304 + P340 + P312-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310-P403 + P235
[ 个人防护装备 ]:
Eyeshields;Faceshields;full-face respirator (US);Gloves;multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US);type ABEK (EN14387) respirator filter
[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
Xn:Harmful
[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R10;R22;R37/38;R41;R67
[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S13-S26-S37/39-S46-S7/9-S45-S36/37-S16-S7
[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
UN 1120 3/PG 3
[ WGK德国 ]:
1
[ RTECS号 ]:
EO1400000
[ 包装等级 ]:
III
[ 危险类别 ]:
3
[ 海关编码 ]:
2905130000
正丁醇合成路线
正丁醇上下游产品
正丁醇上游产品
正丁醇下游产品
正丁醇制备
1.发酵法 丁醇过去都用薯类、粮食或糖类为原料，经水解发酵而得。由发酵液所得产品含正丁醇约为54.8%～58.5%，丙酮30.9%～33.7%，乙醇7.8%～14.2%。随着石油化工的发展，发酵法逐步淘汰。反应方程式如下：(C6H10O5)n[n(H2O)]→[菌株]n-C6H12O6[发酵]→CH3COCH3+C4H9OH+C2H5OH
得到的发酵液再进行分馏，分别可得到丙酮、乙醇和正丁醇。
2.乙醛法 以乙醛为原料加入稀碱溶液，温度在20℃以下得到2-羟基丁醛，当反应到50%即行终止，将碱用酸中和，回收未反应的乙醛，在塔底提取2-羟基丁醛，再用硫酸、乙酸等酸性催化剂在105～137℃使脱水生成巴豆醛，再用铜络催化剂在160～240℃加氢得粗正丁醇和丁醛，经精馏而得成品。CH3CH＝CHCHO+H2[催化剂]CH3CH2CH2CHO+CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
3.丙烯羰基合成法 用丙烯、一氧化碳和氢气在催化床层上进行反应，催化剂为沸石吸附钴盐或脂肪酸钴，反应温度130～160℃，反应压力为20～25MPa，反应生成正丁醛和异丁醛，经过精馏进行分离，将正丁醛催化加氢即得正丁醇。
4.低压法 由丙烯、一氧化碳和水一步法合成丁醇，反应温度100～104℃，压力1.5MPa，采用五羰基铁、正丁基吡咯烷与水的混合物，但丙烯单程转化率较低，仅8%～10%。反应方程式：CH3CH＝CH2+3CO+2H2O→n-C4H9OH+2CO2
将乙醛加入稀碱溶液，在常压下反应生成2-羟基丁醛，将碱中和，再用硫酸、乙酸等酸性催化剂使之分解，即得巴豆醛；然后以镍铬为催化剂，在过量氢存在下，进行氢化反应，得正丁醇。
5.发酵法 将粮食、谷类、山芋干或糖蜜等原料经粉碎、加水制成发酵液，以高压蒸汽处理灭菌后冷却，接入纯丙酮丁醇菌种，于36～37℃下发酵。发酵时生成气体含二氧化碳和氢气。发酵液中含乙醇、丁醇、丙酮，通常比例为6∶3∶1。精馏后可分别得到丁醇、丙酮和乙醇等，亦可不经分离作总溶剂直接使用。
6.乙醛缩合法 乙醛经醇醛缩合成丁醇醛，脱水生成丁烯醛，再经加氢后得正丁醇。
7.以工业品正丁醇为原料，加入新煅烧的氧化钙，加热回流4h，滤去氧化钙。再加金属镁条回流，然后常压蒸馏，收集116.5～118℃的馏分，即为成品。
正丁醇海关
[ 海关编码 ]: 2905130000
[ 中文概述 ]:
2905130000 正丁醇。监管条件:AB(入境货物通关单,出境货物通关单)。增值税率:17.0%。退税率:13.0%。最低关税:5.5%。普通关税:30.0%
[ 申报要素 ]: 品名, 成分含量, 用途, 包装
[ 监管条件 ]: A.入境货物通关单 B.出境货物通关单
[ 检验检疫 ]: R.进口食品卫生监督检验 S.出口食品卫生监督检验 M.进口商品检验 N.出口商品检验
[ Summary ]:
2905130000 butan-1-ol。supervision conditions:AB(certificate of inspection for goods inward,certificate of inspection for goods outward)。VAT:17.0%。tax rebate rate:13.0%。MFN tarrif:5.5%。general tariff:30.0%
正丁醇文献
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 112(1) , 120-8, (2014)
Several synthetic metabolic pathways for butanol synthesis have been reported in Escherichia coli by modification of the native CoA-dependent pathway from selected Clostridium species. These pathways ...
Mechanistic basis of altered morphine disposition in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 352(3) , 462-70, (2015)
Morphine is metabolized in humans to morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and the pharmacologically active morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). The hepatobiliary disposition of both metabolites relies upon multidrug...
Acetonitrile adduct formation as a sensitive means for simple alcohol detection by LC-MS.J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 25(11) , 1987-90, (2014)
Simple alcohols formed protonated acetonitrile adducts containing up to two acetonitrile molecules when analyzed by ESI or APCI in the presence of acetonitrile in the solvent. These acetonitrile adduc...
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