柠檬酸
柠檬酸用途
柠檬酸名称
[ CAS 号 ]:
77-92-9
[ 中文名 ]:
柠檬酸
[ 英文名 ]:
Citric Acid
[中文别名 ]:
[英文别名 ]:
- 3'-hydroxybiphenyl-3-carboxylic acid
- MFCD00163176
- 3-hydroxy-3-carboxy-pentanedioic acid
- 3'-hydroxy-3-biphenylcarboxylic acid
- Citric acid
- EINECS 201-069-1
柠檬酸生物活性
[ 描述 ]:
[ 相关类别 ]:
[ 靶点 ]
Human Endogenous Metabolite
[体外研究]
[体内研究]
[细胞实验]
[动物实验]
[参考文献]
[相关活性小分子]
柠檬酸物理化学性质
[ 密度 ]:
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
[ 沸点 ]:
309.6±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
[ 熔点 ]:
153-159 °C(lit.)
[ 分子式 ]:
C6H8O7
[ 分子量 ]:
192.124
[ 闪点 ]:
155.2±24.4 °C
[ 精确质量 ]:
192.027008
[ PSA ]:
132.13000
[ LogP ]:
-1.72
[ 外观性状 ]:
白色结晶粉末
[ 蒸汽压 ]:
0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C
[ 折射率 ]:
1.575
[ 储存条件 ]:
Store at RT.
[ 稳定性 ]:
Stable. Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metal nitrates.
[ 水溶解性 ]:
750 g/L (20 ºC)
柠檬酸MSDS
柠檬酸毒性和生态
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
- RTECS NUMBER :
- GE7350000
- CHEMICAL NAME :
- Citric acid
- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
- 77-92-9
- BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :
- 0782061
- LAST UPDATED :
- 199710
- DATA ITEMS CITED :
- 18
- MOLECULAR FORMULA :
- C6-H8-O7
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
- 192.14
- WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
- QV1XQVQ1VQ
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- REFERENCE :
- 85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,658,1986
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- REFERENCE :
- 85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,658,1986 ** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- OYYAA2 Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. (Oyo Yakuri Kenkyukai, CPO Box 180, Sendai 980-91, Japan) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 43,561,1992
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 290 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- TOVEFN Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. (18-20 Vadkovskii per. Moscow, 101479, Russia) History Unknown Volume(issue)/page/year: (5),9,1994
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 5500 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Musculoskeletal - other changes
- REFERENCE :
- TAKHAA Takeda Kenkyusho Ho. Journal of the Takeda Research Laboratories. (Takeda Yakuhin Kogyo K.K., 2-17-85 Jusohon-machi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan) V.29- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,25,1971
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 5040 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Musculoskeletal - other changes
- REFERENCE :
- TAKHAA Takeda Kenkyusho Ho. Journal of the Takeda Research Laboratories. (Takeda Yakuhin Kogyo K.K., 2-17-85 Jusohon-machi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan) V.29- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,25,1971
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 903 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 62,203,1990
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2700 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Musculoskeletal - other changes
- REFERENCE :
- TAKHAA Takeda Kenkyusho Ho. Journal of the Takeda Research Laboratories. (Takeda Yakuhin Kogyo K.K., 2-17-85 Jusohon-machi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan) V.29- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,25,1971
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 42 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands
- REFERENCE :
- JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 94,65,1948
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - muscle contraction or spasticity
- REFERENCE :
- IECHAD Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. (Washington, DC) V.15-62, 1923-70. For publisher information, see CHMTBL. Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,628,1923
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 330 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands
- REFERENCE :
- JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 94,65,1948 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 19680 No. of Facilities: 28313 (estimated) No. of Industries: 157 No. of Occupations: 112 No. of Employees: 307205 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X1191 No. of Facilities: 22 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 2 No. of Employees: 130 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 108 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 19680 No. of Facilities: 49113 (estimated) No. of Industries: 244 No. of Occupations: 182 No. of Employees: 1691218 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1083005 (estimated)
柠檬酸安全信息
[ 符号 ]:
GHS07
[ 信号词 ]:
Warning
[ 危害声明 ]:
H319
[ 警示性声明 ]:
P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P337 + P313
[ 个人防护装备 ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves
[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
Xi:Irritant
[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R36/37/38
[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S26-S39-S37/39-S24/25-S36/37/39-S45
[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
UN 1789 8/PG 3
[ WGK德国 ]:
1
[ RTECS号 ]:
GE7350000
[ 海关编码 ]:
2918140000
柠檬酸合成路线
柠檬酸上下游产品
柠檬酸上游产品
柠檬酸下游产品
柠檬酸制备
工艺流程:
(1)菌种培养 柠檬酸工业生产的菌种主要有黑曲霉和解脂假丝酵母等,前者是现在工业是应用最有竞争力的菌种。 1、黑曲霉的培养 向密度为1.036g每平方立米左右的麦汁内加入25%-30%的琼脂,然后接入黑曲霉菌种,在31℃左右培养4d。将麸皮、水以1:1的比例掺拌,加入10%碳酸钙、0.5%的硫酸铵,拌匀后装入250ml的三角瓶中,用981×1.5KPa压力灭菌60min,接入上述已培养的菌种,培养96-120h即可使用。 2、解脂假丝酵母培养 该酵母一般都是从含有动植物油或矿物油的材料中分离出来的,经富集培养、平板分离培养,所得培养基经常规摇瓶方法初筛,可得培养基,再经诱导有种,制得用于工业发酵的解脂假丝酵母。这种酵母可由烷烃发酵生产柠檬酸,也可由糖类发酵生产柠檬酸。 (2)发酵工艺 目前生产柠檬酸主要有以下3种方法。 1、表面发酵法 此法又称浅层发酵法,其理想原料为甜菜糖蜜。将原料糖蜜先送入煮沸锅内加等体积水煮沸15-30min,依次加黄血盐和EDTA二钠盐煮沸灭菌,再用无菌水配成含糖蜜12%-16%的发酵培养基液。加入适量的硫酸铵、磷酸二氢钾作为氮源和营养盐;将培养基液在45-50℃下送入发酵室内装入浅底的铝盘或不锈钢盘中,液层厚度为1.5-2.5cm。按75mg每平方立米干孢子接入黑曲霉干孢,在温度为35℃、pH<下发酵6-12d,而得柠檬成品。糖蜜(40%-50%)消耗定额3 t/t。 2、固体表面发酵工艺将果渣晾干、粉碎后,每100kg干渣加入碳酸钙2kg碳酸铵0.7kg在蒸锅内常压下蒸料90min,杀死杂菌及使原料中淀粉糊化;将蒸好的物料摊晾到37 ℃以下,立即补水接种,种曲用量为干渣质量的0.2%-0.3%。将物料装入曲盘中,装料厚度为6-8cm,曲盘材料可为木质、铁质或铝质,盘底最好是假底或多孔筛板,以利通气。将曲盘送进曲房,在38-43℃下发酵80h,用80℃热水将发酵物中的柠檬酸浸出后,经过滤、中和、酸解、脱色、浓缩、结晶等步骤制得柠檬酸成品。 3、深层发酵法 先在发酵罐内配制含量为18%-20%的山芋粉悬浮液,加入α淀粉酶液化,然后于110-115℃保温灭菌,冷却后接入黑曲霉菌种,在35℃恒温下通气发酵60-70h,发酵液pH值为2。产酸含量为12%-15%,终点时发酵液含糖小于1%。营养物可加入0.2%的无机铵盐,发酵罐为不锈钢或内壁涂以环气树脂的碳钢罐,内设有多层涡轮搅拌器,其转速为50-100r/min,发酵液经板框过滤机或真空转鼓过渡机除去菌丝体及固形物,滤液用含量为40%-50%氢氧化钙水溶液中和生成柠檬酸沉淀。经过滤后,用20%的稀硫酸酸解制得柠檬酸水溶液,酸解温度为70-80℃柠檬酸水溶液经活性炭脱色,离子交换除去金属、硫酸根、氯根等杂质后,进入双效蒸发器浓缩,蒸发温度50-65℃,真空度79.98-93.31kpa ,出料含量70%-80%。浓缩液经冷却、结晶、离心及干燥后制得柠檬酸成品。 消耗定额:山芋粉2.3t/t,α淀粉酶6kg/t,工业硫酸(98%)1.05t/t,碳酸钙(98%)1200 kg/t,盐酸(32%)500kg/t,电1200KW·h/t,蒸汽5t/t,水陆联运。4.5t/t。 (3)柠檬酸的提取经发酵所得的发酵酸,经过滤出菌体、残渣,再经加石灰乳中和、碳酸钙过滤而得碳酸钙盐;然后加硫酸酸解、过滤而得粗酸液;再经净化,通过吸附脱色和离子交换树脂交换,除去前述溶液中酸含有的色素和胶体物质,其中有铁、钙、铜和镁等多种金属阳离子,以及硫酸根等杂质;然后经浓缩到柠檬酸含量20%-25%,通过在沸腾状态下迅速蒸发,浓缩到70%以上,即可进行结晶。其中中和与酸解两步反应为中和:由柠檬酸与钙或钙碱(石灰乳)反应制得柠檬酸钙。酸解:由中和所得柠檬酸钙用硫酸酸解,可得柠檬酸。 结晶:不仅要求产品纯度高、回收率高,而且对产品的晶形、晶粒度也有严格要求,这是影响成品质量的关键环节之一。结晶的方法有一水柠檬酸结晶法和无水柠檬酸结晶法。 ①一水柠檬酸结晶法 当浓缩液含量约达80%、温度达55℃时,已呈过饱和状态,然后将其放入结晶器中,开动搅拌,任其自然冷却,当温度到40℃以下时,可以刺激起晶或添加晶种,冷却,控制温度不超过36℃,以保证柠檬酸以一水柠檬酸形式析出,如超过36.6℃则会结晶出无水柠檬酸。当结晶体系温度到10℃以下,结晶工序即可结束,整个结晶时间约为10h。再经过干燥即产品一水柠檬酸。 ②无水物柠檬酸结晶法 生产无水物柠檬酸结晶,要求温度较高,不能用冷却结晶器。无水柠檬酸生产用的蒸发式结晶器,必须在真空下操作,因为操作温度不得超过60℃ ;溶液在100℃下浓缩到含柠檬酸83%,即可停止加热,当冷却到46℃左右,经加入晶种,可维持温度在40-45℃,最终降温到38℃,结晶完毕。再以低速(50-60r/min)开动离心机,将晶种用喷洒洗涤水洗涤;再经烘房干燥,而得无水柠檬酸成品。 发酵液中添加钙、镁、钠、钾等金属离子,可提高柠檬酸产量10%,添加氨基酸可增加60%-80%。 (四) 直接结晶法 如果发酵得到的是高纯度和近于无色的柠檬酸水溶液,则在上述步骤中过滤分离硫酸钙,但从最后母液中回收柠檬酸仍需要使用沉淀法。 4. 烟草:FC,38, 50, 54;BU,39。
柠檬酸海关
[ 海关编码 ]: 2918140000
柠檬酸文献
PLoS Pathog. 11(2) , e1004645, (2015)
The identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes necessary for persistence in vivo provides insight into bacterial biology as well as host defense strategies. We show that disruption of M. tuber...
Ultrastructural morphologic changes in mycobacterial biofilm in different extreme condition.Ultrastruct. Pathol. 39(1) , 38-48, (2015)
The aim of this study was to investigate the morphologic and ultrastructural features of biofilms of slow and fast-growing mycobacteria in different stress conditions, presence and absence of oleic ac...
Accurate analysis of ginkgolides and their hydrolyzed metabolites by analytical supercritical fluid chromatography hybrid tandem mass spectrometry.J. Chromatogr. A. 1388 , 251-8, (2015)
Hydrolysis plays an important role in the metabolic transformations of lactones. Analysis of lactones and their hydrolyzed metabolites in biological samples is challenging, because unexpected hydrolys...
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¥374.9/100g
¥837.9/500g
¥66.9/100g
¥94.9/500g
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产品详情:无水柠檬酸
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区域:上海市普陀区
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相关化合物
【柠檬酸】化源网提供柠檬酸CAS号77-92-9,柠檬酸MSDS及其说明、性质、英文名、生产厂家、作用/用途、分子量、密度、沸点、熔点、结构式等。CAS号查询柠檬酸上化源网,专业又轻松。>>电脑版:柠檬酸
标题:柠檬酸_MSDS_用途_密度_柠檬酸CAS号【77-92-9】_化源网 地址:https://www.chemsrc.com/amp/cas/77-92-9_1027486.html