水

水用途

1.地表水：质量标准中Ⅰ类主要适用于源头水、国家自然保护区；Ⅱ类主要适用于集中式生活饮用水地表水源地一级保护区、珍稀水生生物栖息地、鱼虾类产卵场、仔稚幼鱼的索饵场等；Ⅲ类主要适用于集中式生活饮用水地表水源地二级保护区、鱼虾类越冬场、洄游通道、水产养殖区等渔业水域及游泳区；Ⅳ类主要适用于一般工业用水区及人体非直接接触的娱乐用水区；Ⅴ类主要适用于农业用水区及一般景观要求水域。
2.地下水：质量标准中Ⅰ类主要反映地下水化学组分的天然低背景含量。适用于各种用途。Ⅱ类主要反映地下水化学组分的天然背景含量。适用于各种用途。Ⅲ类以人体健康基准值为依据。主要适用于集中式生活饮用水水源及工、农业用水。Ⅳ类以农业和工业用水要求为依据。除适用于农业和部分工业用水外，适当处理后可作生活饮用水。Ⅴ类不宜饮用，其他用水可根据使用目的选用。
3.海水：质量标准中第一类适用于海洋渔业水域，海上自然保护区和珍稀濒危海洋生物保护区。第二类适用于水产养殖区，海水浴场，人体直接接触海水的海上运动或娱乐区，以及与人类食用直接有关的工业用水区。第三类适用于一般工业用水区，滨海风景旅游区。第四类适用于海洋港口水域，海洋开发作业区。
4.生活饮用水：供人生活的饮用和生活用水
5.电子超纯水：用于电子元件及集成电路

水名称

[ CAS 号 ]:
7732-18-5

[ 中文名 ]:
水

[ 英文名 ]:
Water

[中文别名 ]:

[英文别名 ]:

Water,purified
Dihydrogen oxide
H2O
DHMO
Diprotium oxide
MFCD00003548
Distilled water
EINECS 231-791-2
Water vapor
Dihydrogen Monoxide

水物理化学性质

[ 密度 ]:
1.0±0.1 g/cm3

[ 沸点 ]:
100.0±9.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ 熔点 ]:
0 ºC

[ 分子式 ]:
H₂O

[ 分子量 ]:
18.015

[ 闪点 ]:
100°C

[ 精确质量 ]:
18.010565

[ PSA ]:
9.23000

[ LogP ]:
-1.38

[ 外观性状 ]:
无色液体

[ 蒸汽密度 ]:
<1 (vs air)

[ 蒸汽压 ]:
24.5±0.3 mmHg at 25°C

[ 折射率 ]:
1.329

[ 储存条件 ]:
11

[ 稳定性 ]:
Stable. Incompatible with reactive metals.

[ 水溶解性 ]:
H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless

水MSDS

详细MSDS(安全技术说明书)

水毒性和生态

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: ZC0110000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Water

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 7732-18-5

LAST UPDATED :: 199710

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 20

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: H2-O

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 18.02

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: QH

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - infant

DOSE/DURATION :: 333 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature increase

REFERENCE :: ADCHAK Archives of Disease in Childhood. (British Medical Journal, POB 560B, Kennebunkport, ME 04046) V.1- 1926- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,551,1979

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 42.86 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - muscle contraction or spasticity

REFERENCE :: JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,135,1926

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Rectal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 180 gm/kg/28H

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - mydriasis (pupillary dilation) Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

REFERENCE :: JAMAAP JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. (AMA, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610) V.1- 1883- Volume(issue)/page/year: 104,1569,1935

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: >90 mL/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: FOREAE Food Research. (Champaign, IL) V.1-25, 1936-60. For publisher information, see JFDSAZ. Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,348,1956

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 190 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD628-313

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 25 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: MIVRA6 Microvascular Research. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1968- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,320,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 629 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,135,1926

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - cat

DOSE/DURATION :: 320 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

REFERENCE :: JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,135,1926

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 368 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

REFERENCE :: JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,135,1926

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 13 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Blood - other hemolysis with or without anemia

REFERENCE :: JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,135,1926

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Rectal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 450 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - mydriasis (pupillary dilation) Behavioral - muscle contraction or spasticity Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands

REFERENCE :: JAMAAP JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. (AMA, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610) V.1- 1883- Volume(issue)/page/year: 104,1569,1935

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :: 429 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

REFERENCE :: JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,135,1926 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 3502 gm/kg/2W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - muscle weakness Related to Chronic Data - death

REFERENCE :: JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,135,1926 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - M1000 No. of Facilities: 436805 (estimated) No. of Industries: 561 No. of Occupations: 294 No. of Employees: 7313166 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - M1000 No. of Facilities: 313467 (estimated) No. of Industries: 500 No. of Occupations: 324 No. of Employees: 8785413 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 3032116 (estimated)

水安全信息

[ 个人防护装备 ]:
Eyeshields;Gloves

[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
Xn:Harmful

[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R36/38

[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S26

[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
UN 1824 8/PG 2

[ WGK德国 ]:
1

[ RTECS号 ]:
WB4900000

[ 海关编码 ]:
3303000000

水上下游产品

水上游产品

水下游产品

水制备

制备纯水的方法主要有蒸馏法和离子交换法。

将自来水直接蒸馏可获得一般实验所需的蒸馏水。对于重要的物理化学和分析化学实验，通常采用二次或三次蒸馏水，这种蒸馏最好在石英装置中进行，所得的纯水应收集在耐高温玻璃、石英或聚乙烯瓶中。

为了除去水中的有机杂质和NH+4与Cl-，最好在每升被提纯的水中加入0.05g KMnO4，半小时后加入0.5～1g钾明矾，再过半小时后加入0.66g Na2HPO4，静置半小时后过滤，滤液煮沸10min后再加入蒸馏瓶中进行蒸馏，除去馏出物开头和最后的馏份（各10%）。

离子交换法是制备高纯度水的更好方法。离子交换树脂分为阳离子交换树脂和阴离子交换树脂，两种树脂在装柱前分别进行预处理。阳离子交换树脂先用自来水反复漂洗除去其中的色素、水溶性杂质及其他夹杂物，直至水清无泡沫，并用纯水浸泡4h。然后用5%的盐酸溶液浸泡树脂（以没过树脂为宜）4h，适当搅拌，将盐酸排尽后以纯水反复洗至近中性为止。阴离子交换树脂同样用水反复漂洗直至水清无泡沫，并用纯水浸泡4h。再用5%氢氧化钠溶液浸泡4h，适当搅拌，然后将氢氧化钠溶液排尽，以纯水反复洗至近中性为止。处理好的树脂装入准备好的有机玻璃交换柱中，交换流程按阳离子交换柱阴离子交换柱混合树脂交换柱（阳、阴离子交换树脂充分混匀）的顺序设定。控制一定流速向交换柱中通入蒸馏水（或自来水），从混合树脂交换柱中流出纯水，当水质达到要求后即可使用。

水海关

[ 海关编码 ]: 3303000000

水文献

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Classification of a Proteus penneri clinical isolate with a unique O-antigen structure to a new Proteus serogroup, O80.

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水

水用途

水名称