Lactulose

Names

[ Name ]:
Lactulose

[Synonym ]:
laevolac
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxyméthyl)tétrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxyméthyl)tétrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
MFCD00151469
Lactulose
Cholac
Enulose
Liforos
4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-β-D-fructofuranose
Caloryl
4-D-Galactopyranosyl-4-D-fructofuranose
cephulac
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxyméthyl)tétrahydro-3-furanyl]oxy}-6-(hydroxyméthyl)tétrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
MLS-50
4-b-d-galactosido-d-fructose
EINECS 225-027-7
4-O-β-δ-Galactopyranosyl-δ-fructose
β-D-Fructofuranose, 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-
Lagnos
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-3-furanyl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
4-O-b-D-Galactosyl-D-fructose
Duphalac
Piarle
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose

Biological Activity

[Description]:

Lactulose is a non-absortable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It generally begin working after eight to twelve hours but may take up to two days to improve constipation.

[Related Catalog]:

Signaling Pathways >> Others >> Others

Research Areas >> Others

[Related Small Molecules]

Chemical & Physical Properties

[ Density]:
1.32 g/cm3

[ Boiling Point ]:
680.5±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ Melting Point ]:
~169 °C (dec.)

[ Molecular Formula ]:
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

[ Molecular Weight ]:
342.297

[ Flash Point ]:
365.4±31.5 °C

[ Exact Mass ]:
342.116211

[ PSA ]:
197.37000

[ LogP ]:
-3.21

[ Vapour Pressure ]:
0.0±4.8 mmHg at 25°C

[ Index of Refraction ]:
1.656

[ Water Solubility ]:
76.4 G/100 ML (30 ºC)

MSDS

Click to get detail MSDS

Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: LS6965000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Fructofuranose, 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-, D-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 4618-18-2

BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :: 0093773

LAST UPDATED :: 199706

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 16

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C12-H22-O11

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 342.34

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: T6OTJ B1Q CQ DQ EQ FO- DT5OTJ BQ B1Q CQ E1Q

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Unreported

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 40 mg/kg/3D

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - changes in sodium

REFERENCE :: DICPBB Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy. (POB 42435, Cincinnati, OH 45242) V.3- 1969- Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,70,1984

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 18160 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: NYKZAU Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Nippon Yakuri Gakkai, c/o Kyoto Daigaku Igakubu Yakurigaku Kyoshitsu, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.40- 1944- Volume(issue)/page/year: 96,301,1990

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 16 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: BCFAAI Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico. (Societa Editoriale Farmaceutica, Via Ausonio 12, 20123 Milan, Italy) V.33- 1894- Volume(issue)/page/year: 115,596,1976

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 33500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 13500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - dehydration Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 31 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 15800 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - dehydration Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 29600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - dehydration

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 9960 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - dehydration Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - body temperature decrease

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: LD - Lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: >12 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 24 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - muscle weakness Behavioral - ataxia Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 648 gm/kg/6W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in bladder weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 2592 gm/kg/24W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Endocrine - changes in adrenal weight Blood - normocytic anemia Related to Chronic Data - death

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 864 gm/kg/12W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from small intestine Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - dehydration Related to Chronic Data - death

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,3517,1973 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X3711 No. of Facilities: 87 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 2 No. of Employees: 2324 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1102 (estimated)

Safety Information

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter

[ Hazard Codes ]:
Xi

[ Safety Phrases ]:
S24/25

[ RIDADR ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

[ WGK Germany ]:
2

[ RTECS ]:
LS6965000

Synthetic Route

Click to get detail synthetic route

Precursor & DownStream

Precursor

DownStream

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