PURPUROGALLIN

Purpurogallin is a naturally phenol extracted from the plants of Quercus spp, has potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.2 µM. Purpurogallin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2][3].

Research Areas >> Cancer

IC50: 0.2 µM (xanthine oxidase)[3]

Purpurogallin (50 or 100 µM; 7 or 25 hours; BV2 murine microglial cells) treatment attenuates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by suppressing their mRNA and protein expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells[1]. Purpurogallin (100 µM; 75-120 minutes; BV2 murine microglial cells) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells[1]. RT-PCR[1] Cell Line: BV2 murine microglial cells Concentration: 50 or 100 µM Incubation Time: 7 or 25 hours Result: Attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by suppressing their mRNA and protein expression. Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Line: BV2 murine microglial cells Concentration: 100 µM Incubation Time: 75 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes Result: Suppressed the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways.

Purpurogallin (100-400 μg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; for 48 or 72 hours; male Sprague-Dawley rats) exerts its neuroinflammation effect through the dual effect of inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression and reducing HMGB1 protein and mRNA expression[2]. Animal Model: Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-350 g) with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)[2] Dosage: 100 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg, 400 μg/kg Administration: Intraperitoneal injection; for 48 or 72 hours Result: Dose-dependently reduced HMGB1 protein expression. High dose reduced TNF-α and HMGB1 mRNA levels.

[1]. Park HY, et al. Purpurogallin exerts anti‑inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated BV2 microglial cells through the inactivation of the NF‑κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med. 2013 Nov;32(5):1171-8.

[2]. Chang CZ, et al. Purpurogallin, a natural phenol, attenuates high-mobility group box 1 in subarachnoid hemorrhage induced vasospasm in a rat model. Int J Vasc Med. 2014;2014:254270.

[3]. Honda S, et al. Conversion to purpurogallin, a key step in the mechanism of the potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of pyrogallol. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017 May;106:228-235.