123-31-9

• 常用中文名：对苯二酚
• 常用英文名：Hydroquinone
• CAS号：123-31-9
• 分子式：C₆H₆O₂
• 分子量：110.111
• 相关类别： 原料药 专科用药 皮肤科用药
• 发布时间：2018-02-06 08:00:00
• 更新时间：2024-01-02 15:45:51
• 【用途一】
  用作显像剂及染料、药物原料
  【用途二】
  用作分析试剂，铜、金的还原剂和显影剂
  【用途三】
  对苯二酚是除草剂喹禾灵、吡氟禾草灵、噻唑禾草灵、噁唑禾草灵、氟吡氯禾灵、乳氟禾草灵的中间体，也是医药和染料中间体。
  【用途四】
  对苯二酚主要用作照相的显影剂。对苯二酚及其烷基化物广泛用于单体贮运过程添加的阻聚剂，常用的浓度约为200ppm。对苯二酚一甲醚是食用油抗氧剂BHA的中间体；对苯二酚二甲醚是染料、有机颜料和香料的中间体；对苯二酚二乙醚是感光色素、染料的中间体。对苯二酚还用于制取N，N'-二苯基对苯二胺，是用于橡胶及汽油的抗氧剂和抗臭剂。
  【用途五】
  比色法测定磷、镁、铌、铜、硅和砷等。铱的极谱法和容量法测定。杂多酸的还原剂，铜和金的还原剂。检验磷酸盐、钨酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硒和碲等。
  【用途六】
  制取黑白显影剂、蒽醌染料、偶氮染料、橡胶防老剂、稳定剂和抗氧剂。用于ICP-AES、AAS、AFS、ICP-MS、离子色谱等。滴定分析用标准溶液。
• 用作显像剂及染料、药物原料
  用作分析试剂，铜、金的还原剂和显影剂
  对苯二酚是除草剂喹禾灵、吡氟禾草灵、噻唑禾草灵、噁唑禾草灵、氟吡氯禾灵、乳氟禾草灵的中间体，也是医药和染料中间体。  
  对苯二酚主要用作照相的显影剂。对苯二酚及其烷基化物广泛用于单体贮运过程添加的阻聚剂，常用的浓度约为200ppm。对苯二酚一甲醚是食用油抗氧剂BHA的中间体；对苯二酚二甲醚是染料、有机颜料和香料的中间体；对苯二酚二乙醚是感光色素、染料的中间体。对苯二酚还用于制取N，N'-二苯基对苯二胺，是用于橡胶及汽油的抗氧剂和抗臭剂。  
  比色法测定磷、镁、铌、铜、硅和砷等。铱的极谱法和容量法测定。杂多酸的还原剂，铜和金的还原剂。检验磷酸盐、钨酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硒和碲等。  
  制取黑白显影剂、蒽醌染料、偶氮染料、橡胶防老剂、稳定剂和抗氧剂。用于ICP-AES、AAS、AFS、ICP-MS、离子色谱等。滴定分析用标准溶液。  
  

名称

• 中文名: 1,4-苯二酚
• 英文名: hydroquinone
• 中文别名: 对苯二酚; 醌醇; 氢醌; 1,4-二羟基苯
• 英文别名: 1,4-benzenediol; MFCD00002339; 1,4-dihydroxyanthron; 1,4-Benzenediol,1,4-Dihydroxybenzene,HQ; p-hydroxy-PhOH; p-Benzenediol; Hydroquinone; 1,4-dihydroxyanthone; 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol; 1,4-Dihydroxyxanthon; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene; 1,4-Dihydroxy-xanthen-9-on; 1,4-dihydroxy-benzene; p-dihydroxybenzene; EINECS 204-617-8; 9H-Xanthen-9-one,1,4-dihydroxy; 1,4-dihydroxy-xanthen-9-one

物化性质

• 密度: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
• 沸点: 286.0±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
• 熔点: 172-175 °C(lit.)
• 分子式: C₆H₆O₂
• 分子量: 110.111
• 闪点: 141.6±14.4 °C
• 精确质量: 110.036781
• PSA: 40.46000
• LogP: 0.64
• 外观性状: 灰白色粉末或白色针状晶体
• 蒸汽密度: 3.81 (vs air)
• 蒸汽压: 0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
• 折射率: 1.612
• 储存条件:

  1.用聚乙烯塑料袋包装，每袋5kg，每4袋装一木箱；或用圆木箱内衬塑料袋包装，每桶50kg。贮存于阴凉、干燥处，避免日光曝晒，防潮、防热。按有毒物品规定贮运。

  2.储存注意事项储存于阴凉、通风的库房。远离火种、热源。包装要求密封，不可与空气接触。应与氧化剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。

• 稳定性:

  1.可燃,在空气中见光易变成褐色，碱性溶液中氧化更快。

  2.中等毒性。在动物实验中，反复给予30-50mg／kg剂量可引起急性黄色肝萎缩，除严重损伤肾脏外，并能发生异常的色素沉着。所以，有时用它涂在人体局部可除去雀斑。服用1g对苯二酚能刺激食道而引起耳鸣、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、虚脱。服用5g可致死。此外，长期接触对二苯酚蒸气、粉尘或烟雾可刺激皮肤、黏膜，并引起眼的水晶体浑浊。操作现场空气中最高容许浓度2mg／m3。生产设备应闭，操作人员应穿戴好防护用具。

  3.在动物试验中，反复给予30～50mg/kg剂量时，则可引起急性黄色肝萎缩，除引起严重的肝损伤外，并能发生异常的色素沉着。服用1g本品时，能刺激食道，而引起耳鸣、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、虚脱；服用5g时可致死。

  4.氢醌有毒，可燃。氢醌的还原性很强，极易被氧化成对苯醌。氢醌有毒，可透过皮肤引起中毒。动物经口致死量为0.08～0.2g/kg。人若口服1g以上就会出现急性中毒症状，服用59g可致死。

  5.稳定性 稳定

  6.禁配物 酰基氯、酸酐、碱、强氧化剂、强酸

  7.避免接触的条件 光照、接触空气

  8.聚合危害 不聚合

• 水溶解性: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
• 分子结构:

  1、摩尔折射率：30.01

  2、摩尔体积（cm³/mol）：86.2

  3、等张比容（90.2K）：237.3

  4、表面张力（dyne/cm）：57.1

  5、极化率（10^-24cm³）：11.89

• 计算化学:

  1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:无

  2.氢键供体数量:2

  3.氢键受体数量:2

  4.可旋转化学键数量:0

  5.互变异构体数量:3

  6.拓扑分子极性表面积40.5

  7.重原子数量:8

  8.表面电荷:0

  9.复杂度:54.9

  10.同位素原子数量:0

  11.确定原子立构中心数量:0

  12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0

  13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0

  14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0

  15.共价键单元数量:1

• 更多:

  1.性状：白色结晶

  2.熔点（℃）：170.5

  3.沸点（℃）：285

  4.相对密度（水=1）：1.33

  5.相对蒸气密度（空气=1）：3.81

  6.饱和蒸气压（kPa）：0.13（132.4℃）

  7.燃烧热（kJ/mol）：-2849.8

  8.临界温度（℃）：549.9

  9.临界压力（MPa）：7.45

  10.辛醇/水分配系数：0.59

  11.闪点（℃）：165（CC）

  12.引燃温度（℃）：516

  13.爆炸上限（%）：15.3

  14.爆炸下限（%）：1.6

  15.溶解性：溶于水，易溶于乙醇、乙醚。

  16.相对密度（20℃，4℃）：1.328¹⁵

  17.晶相相标准燃烧热(焓)(kJ·mol^-1)：-2854.1

  18.晶相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol^-1)：-364.5

  19.气相标准燃烧热(焓)(kJ·mol^-1)：-2953.3

  20.气相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol^-1) ：-265.3

  21.气相标准熵(J·mol^-1·K^-1) ：344.28

  22.气相标准生成自由能( kJ·mol^-1)：-179.6

  23.气相标准热熔(J·mol^-1·K^-1)：123.60

MSDS

国标编号: 61725 ＣＡＳ: 123-31-9 中文名称: 1，4-苯二酚 英文名称: p-Dihydroxybenzene；p-Hydroquinone 别 名: 对苯二酚；氢醌 分子式: C6H6O2；HOC6H4OH 分子量: 110.11 熔 点: 170.5℃ 密 度: 相对密度(水=1)1.33； 蒸汽压: 165℃ 溶解性: 溶于水，易溶于乙醇、乙醚 稳定性: 稳定 外观与性状: 白色结晶 危险标记: 15(毒害品) 用 途: 制取黑白显影剂、蒽醌染料、偶氮染料、橡胶防老剂、稳定剂和抗氧剂 2.对环境的影响: 一、健康危害 侵入途径：吸入、食入、经皮吸收。 健康危害：毒性比酚大，对皮肤、粘膜有强烈的腐蚀作用，可抑制中枢神经系统或损害肝、皮肤功能。 急性中毒：吸入高浓度蒸气，可致头痛、头昏、乏力、视物模糊、肺水肿等；误服可出现头痛、头晕、耳鸣、苍白、紫绀、恶心、呕吐、腹育、呼吸困难、心动过速、尺厥、谵妄和虚脱 ，严重者呕血、血尿、溶血性黄疸，甚至可致死。 慢性影响：长期低浓度吸入，可致头痛、头晕、咳嗽、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐等。皮肤可引起皮炎。 二、毒理学资料及环境行为 急性毒性：LD50320mg/kg(大鼠经口)；人经口5000mg/kg，死亡。 刺激性：人经皮：250mg (24小时)，轻度刺激。 亚急性和慢性毒性：动物亚急性中毒表现为溶血性黄疸、贫血、白细胞增多、红细胞脆性增加、低血糖、皮毛无光泽和明显的恶病质。 致突变性：微生物致突变性：鼠伤寒沙门氏菌2umol/皿。微核试验：人淋巴细胞75umol/L。性染色体缺失和不分离：人淋巴细胞6mg/kg。DNA损伤：人骨髓500mol/L。 生殖毒性：大鼠经口最低中毒剂量(TDL0)：2500mg/kg(孕1～22天)，致植入后的死亡率(51天，雄性)，影响睾丸、附睾、输精管、前列腺、精囊等，对雄性生育指数有影响。 致癌性：IARC致癌性评论：动物不明确，人类无可靠数据。 危险特性：遇明火、高热可燃。与强氧化剂可发生反应。受高热分解放出有毒的气体。 燃烧(分解)产物：一氧化碳、二氧化碳。 3.现场应急监测方法: 4.实验室监测方法: 气相色谱法，参照《分析化学手册》(第四分册，色谱分析)，化学工业空气中：样品经滤器收集后，用酸洗脱，再用高压液相色谱法测定(NIOSH法)高效液相色谱法测定焦化废水中的酚类化合物[刊]/张万让等//新疆环境保护1989,(1).-49～52 5.环境标准: 前苏联(1975) 作业环境空气中有害物质的允许浓度 2mg/m^3 前苏联(1978) 地面水中最高容许浓度 0.2mg/L 前苏联(1975) 污水排放标准 0.5mg/L 　 水中嗅觉阈浓度 5mg/L 6.应急处理处置方法: 一、泄漏应急处理 隔离泄漏污染区，周围设警标志，建议应急处理人员戴好防毒面具，穿化学防护服。不要直接接触泄漏物，避免扬尘，用清洁的铲子收集于干燥净洁有盖的容器中，运至废物场所。也可以用大量水冲洗，经稀释的洗水放入废水系统。如大量泄漏，收集回收或无害处理后废弃。 废弃物处置方法：用焚烧法。焚烧炉排出的气体通过洗涤器除去有害成份。 二、防护措施 呼吸系统防护：空气中浓度超标时，必须佩带防毒面具。紧急事态抢救或逃生时，佩带自给式呼吸器。 眼睛防护：戴化学安全防护眼镜。 防护服：穿相应的防护服。 手防护：戴防化学品手套。 其它：工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作后，彻底清洗。单独存入被毒物污染的衣服，洗后再用。注意个人清洁卫生。 三、急救措施 皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用甘油、聚乙烯乙二醇或聚乙烯乙二醇和酒精混合液(7:3)抹擦。然后用水彻底冲洗。或立即用水冲洗至少15分钟。就医。 眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗至少15分钟。就医。 吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。呼吸困难时给输氧。呼吸停止时，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。 食入：患者清醒时立即给饮植物油15～30ml。催吐，尽快彻底洗胃。就医。 灭火方法：雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土。 废弃物处置方法：用焚烧法。焚烧炉排出的气体通过洗涤器除去有害成份。

毒性和生态

毒理学数据: 1.急性毒性 LD50：320mg/kg（大鼠经口） 2.刺激性 人经皮：2%，轻度刺激；5%，重度刺激。 3.亚急性与慢性毒性 动物亚急性中毒表现为溶血性黄疸、贫血、白细胞增多、红细胞脆性增加、低血糖、皮毛无光泽和明显的恶病质。 4.致突变性微生物致突变性：鼠伤寒沙门菌2μmol/皿。微核试验：人淋巴细胞75μmol/L。性染色体缺失和不分离：人淋巴细胞6mg/kg。DNA损伤：人骨髓500mol/L。 5.致畸形 兔孕后6~14d经口给予最低中毒剂量（TDLo）1950mg/kg，致颅面部（包括鼻、舌）、肌肉骨骼系统发育畸形。 6.致癌性 IARC致癌性评论：组3，对人及动物致癌性证据不足。 7.其他 大鼠经口最低中毒剂量（TDLo）：2500mg/kg（孕1~22d），致植入后的死亡率升高。大鼠皮下最低中毒剂量（TDLo）：5mg/kg（51d，雄性），影响睾丸、附睾、输精管、前列腺、精囊等，对雄性生育指数有影响。 生态学数据: 1.生态毒性 LC50：0.1~0.18mg/L（黑头呆鱼）；0.05mg/L（水蚤） 2.生物降解性 暂无资料 3.非生物降解性 空气中，当羟基自由基浓度为5.00×10^5个/cm^3时，降解半衰期为16.8h（理论）。 4.生物富集性 BCF：40（理论）；40~65（实验，24h） CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION RTECS NUMBER : MX3500000 CHEMICAL NAME : Hydroquinone CAS REGISTRY NUMBER : 123-31-9 LAST UPDATED : 199806 DATA ITEMS CITED : 126 MOLECULAR FORMULA : C6-H6-O2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT : 110.12 WISWESSER LINE NOTATION : QR DQ HEALTH HAZARD DATA ACUTE TOXICITY DATA TYPE OF TEST : Standard Draize test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Human TYPE OF TEST : Standard Draize test ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Human TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human DOSE/DURATION : 29 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Human DOSE/DURATION : 170 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - coma Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 320 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 170 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 300 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 115 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 720 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 245 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 100 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 182 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Unreported SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 150 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog DOSE/DURATION : 200 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog DOSE/DURATION : 100 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - dog DOSE/DURATION : 80 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cat DOSE/DURATION : 70 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cat DOSE/DURATION : 50 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - tremor Vascular - regional or general arteriolar or venous dilation Blood - methemoglobinemia-carboxyhemoglobin TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 200 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 125 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intravenous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rabbit DOSE/DURATION : 100 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 550 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Intraperitoneal SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 200 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - guinea pig DOSE/DURATION : 300 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Bird - pigeon DOSE/DURATION : 300 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous SPECIES OBSERVED : Amphibian - frog DOSE/DURATION : 190 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Parenteral SPECIES OBSERVED : Amphibian - frog DOSE/DURATION : 190 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Cardiac - other changes TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - species unspecified DOSE/DURATION : 480 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral - muscle contraction or spasticity Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea TYPE OF TEST : LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Administration onto the skin SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - species unspecified DOSE/DURATION : 5970 mg/kg TOXIC EFFECTS : Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 236 gm/kg/9W-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach Blood - changes in bone marrow (not otherwise specified) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 13 gm/kg/13W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Liver - changes in liver weight Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 6 gm/kg/14D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Inhalation SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 10 mg/m3/4H/17W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Blood - normocytic anemia Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 13 gm/kg/13W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Liver - changes in liver weight Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 32500 mg/kg/65W-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Brain and Coverings - changes in brain weight Liver - changes in liver weight Blood - changes in cell count (unspecified) TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 3 gm/kg/14D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Mammal - cat DOSE/DURATION : 220 mg/kg/14D-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Behavioral - ataxia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes Related to Chronic Data - death TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 25750 mg/kg/2Y-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - Kidney tumors TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 25750 mg/kg/2Y-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 256 gm/kg/2Y-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - Kidney tumors TYPE OF TEST : TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - rat DOSE/DURATION : 349 gm/kg/2Y-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - Kidney tumors TYPE OF TEST : TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 699 gm/kg/2Y-C TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest) ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral SPECIES OBSERVED : Rodent - mouse DOSE/DURATION : 26 gm/kg/2Y-I TOXIC EFFECTS : Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral DOSE : 2500 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : female 1-22 day(s) after conception TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral DOSE : 667 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : female 11 day(s) after conception TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Oral DOSE : 1 gm/kg SEX/DURATION : female 11 day(s) after conception TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous DOSE : 5 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : female 1 day(s) pre-mating TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Maternal Effects - ovaries, fallopian tubes TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous DOSE : 550 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : female 11 day(s) pre-mating TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Maternal Effects - menstrual cycle changes or disorders TYPE OF TEST : TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose ROUTE OF EXPOSURE : Subcutaneous DOSE : 5100 mg/kg SEX/DURATION : male 51 day(s) pre-mating TOXIC EFFECTS : Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct Reproductive - Paternal Effects - prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females) TYPE OF TEST : Unscheduled DNA synthesis TYPE OF TEST : Micronucleus test TYPE OF TEST : Micronucleus test TYPE OF TEST : Micronucleus test TYPE OF TEST : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified TYPE OF TEST : Cytogenetic analysis TYPE OF TEST : Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction MUTATION DATA TYPE OF TEST : Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified TEST SYSTEM : Rodent - rabbit Bone marrow REFERENCE : CBINA8 Chemico-Biological Interactions. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1969- Volume(issue)/page/year: 50,203,1984 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-Animal carcinogen DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 ACGIH TLV-TWA 2 mg/m3 DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 IARC Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,155,1977 IARC Cancer Review:Human No Adequate Data IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,155,1977 IARC Cancer Review:Group 3 IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,56,1987 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AEHLAU Archives of Environmental Health. (Heldref Pub., 4000 Albemarle St., NW, Washington, DC 20016) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,6,1971 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 47,75,1978 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 2 mg/m3 DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,133,1971 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 2 mg/m3 CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 2 mg/m3 CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 2 mg/m3 CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 2 mg/m3 CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,50-204.50,1994 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-DENMARK:STEL 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3;STEL 4 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-POLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:TWA 0.5 mg/m3;STEL 1.5 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3;STEL 4 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-TURKEY:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 2 mg/m3;STEL 4 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO HYDROQUINONE-air:CL 2 mg/m3/15M REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - M0747 No. of Facilities: 24380 (estimated) No. of Industries: 143 No. of Occupations: 88 No. of Employees: 116192 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - M0747 No. of Facilities: 40917 (estimated) No. of Industries: 177 No. of Occupations: 136 No. of Employees: 442749 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 144063 (estimated)

安全

• 符号: GHS05, GHS07, GHS08, GHS09
• 信号词: Danger
• 危害声明: H302-H317-H318-H341-H351-H410
• 警示性声明: P273-P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P501
• 个人防护装备: Eyeshields;Faceshields;full-face particle respirator type N100 (US);Gloves;respirator cartridge type N100 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter;type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges
• 危害码 (欧洲): Xn:Harmful
• 风险声明 (欧洲): R22;R40;R41;R43;R50;R68
• 安全声明 (欧洲): S26-S36/37/39-S61
• 危险品运输编码: 2662
• WGK德国: 3
• RTECS号: MX3500000
• 包装等级: III
• 危险类别: 9
• 海关编码: 2907221000

合成路线

上下游产品

上游产品  9
106-41-2 106-51-4 2117-24-0 150-78-7
108-95-2 71-43-2 71597-85-8 7664-46-2
622-62-8
下游产品  10
10471-24-6 10457-66-6 10470-77-6 110052-34-1
110126-93-7 104-76-7 3780-50-5 4563-33-1
116043-19-7 41923-50-6

制备

1.将苯胺、二氧化锰和硫酸按摩尔比为1∶3∶4加入反应釜内，加料时应在夹套中通冷冻水控制温度在10℃以下。搅拌下反应10h，反应温度逐渐升至25℃左右，生成苯醌。然后在反应物内通入水蒸气进行水蒸气蒸馏，蒸出的苯醌与水蒸气经部分冷凝后流入还原釜，再加入与苯醌的摩尔比为1∶0.7的铁粉，加热至90～100℃，搅拌下反应3～4h，还原反应的产物为对苯二酚。还原产物经过滤除去氧化铁渣后，进行减压脱水浓缩。然后加入焦亚硫酸钠、活性炭、锌粉，加热至沸腾进行脱色。趁热过滤后，滤液缓缓降温至30℃以下，对苯二酚以针状结晶析出，经离心脱水后，加入沸腾床于80℃下进行干燥，即得成品。

2.苯酚羟基化法　采用过氧化氢作羟基化剂，反应在催化量的无机强酸或二价铁盐或钴盐存在下进行。总反应式为：

3.二异丙苯氧化法　利用过氧化物进行氧化反应，制得氢醌。其反应式如下：

4.照相级氢醌的制法　是用活性炭对溶解于无盐水中而形成的氢醌溶液进行脱色处理，然后于5～10℃下重新结晶，经离心分离后置于非氧化气氛中干燥制成。

海关

海关编码	2907221000
中文概述	2907221000 对苯二酚。监管条件:无。增值税率:17.0%。退税率:9.0%。最低关税:5.5%。普通关税:30.0%
申报要素	品名, 成分含量, 用途
Summary	2907221000 hydroquinone。Supervision conditions:None。VAT:17.0%。Tax rebate rate:9.0%。Lowest tariff:5.5%。General tariff:30.0%