The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12.

Steven E Scherer, Donna M Muzny, Christian J Buhay, Rui Chen, Andrew Cree, Yan Ding, Shannon Dugan-Rocha, Rachel Gill, Preethi Gunaratne, R Alan Harris, Alicia C Hawes, Judith Hernandez, Anne V Hodgson, Jennifer Hume, Andrew Jackson, Ziad Mohid Khan, Christie Kovar-Smith, Lora R Lewis, Ryan J Lozado, Michael L Metzker, Aleksandar Milosavljevic, George R Miner, Kate T Montgomery, Margaret B Morgan, Lynne V Nazareth, Graham Scott, Erica Sodergren, Xing-Zhi Song, David Steffen, Ruth C Lovering, David A Wheeler, Kim C Worley, Yi Yuan, Zhengdong Zhang, Charles Q Adams, M Ali Ansari-Lari, Mulu Ayele, Mary J Brown, Guan Chen, Zhijian Chen, Kerstin P Clerc-Blankenburg, Clay Davis, Oliver Delgado, Huyen H Dinh, Heather Draper, Manuel L Gonzalez-Garay, Paul Havlak, Laronda R Jackson, Leni S Jacob, Susan H Kelly, Li Li, Zhangwan Li, Jing Liu, Wen Liu, Jing Lu, Manjula Maheshwari, Bao-Viet Nguyen, Geoffrey O Okwuonu, Shiran Pasternak, Lesette M Perez, Farah J H Plopper, Jireh Santibanez, Hua Shen, Paul E Tabor, Daniel Verduzco, Lenee Waldron, Qiaoyan Wang, Gabrielle A Williams, Jingkun Zhang, Jianling Zhou, Carlana C Allen, Anita G Amin, Vivian Anyalebechi, Michael Bailey, Joseph A Barbaria, Kesha E Bimage, Nathaniel P Bryant, Paula E Burch, Carrie E Burkett, Kevin L Burrell, Eliana Calderon, Veronica Cardenas, Kelvin Carter, Kristal Casias, Iracema Cavazos, Sandra R Cavazos, Heather Ceasar, Joseph Chacko, Sheryl N Chan, Dean Chavez, Constantine Christopoulos, Joseph Chu, Raynard Cockrell, Caroline D Cox, Michelle Dang, Stephanie R Dathorne, Robert David, Candi Mon'Et Davis, Latarsha Davy-Carroll, Denise R Deshazo, Jeremy E Donlin, Lisa D'Souza, Kristy A Eaves, Amy Egan, Alexandra J Emery-Cohen, Michael Escotto, Nicole Flagg, Lisa D Forbes, Abdul M Gabisi, Melissa Garza, Cerissa Hamilton, Nicholas Henderson, Omar Hernandez, Sandra Hines, Marilyn E Hogues, Mei Huang, DeVincent G Idlebird, Rudy Johnson, Angela Jolivet, Sally Jones, Ryan Kagan, Laquisha M King, Belita Leal, Heather Lebow, Sandra Lee, Jaclyn M LeVan, Lakeshia C Lewis, Pamela London, Lorna M Lorensuhewa, Hermela Loulseged, Demetria A Lovett, Alice Lucier, Raymond L Lucier, Jie Ma, Renita C Madu, Patricia Mapua, Ashley D Martindale, Evangelina Martinez, Elizabeth Massey, Samantha Mawhiney, Michael G Meador, Sylvia Mendez, Christian Mercado, Iracema C Mercado, Christina E Merritt, Zachary L Miner, Emmanuel Minja, Teresa Mitchell, Farida Mohabbat, Khatera Mohabbat, Baize Montgomery, Niki Moore, Sidney Morris, Mala Munidasa, Robin N Ngo, Ngoc B Nguyen, Elizabeth Nickerson, Ogechi O Nwaokelemeh, Stanley Nwokenkwo, Melissa Obregon, Maryann Oguh, Njideka Oragunye, Rodolfo J Oviedo, Bridgette J Parish, David N Parker, Julia Parrish, Kenya L Parks, Heidie A Paul, Brett A Payton, Agapito Perez, William Perrin, Adam Pickens, Eltrick L Primus, Ling-Ling Pu, Maria Puazo, Miyo M Quiles, Juana B Quiroz, Dina Rabata, Kacy Reeves, San Juana Ruiz, Hongmei Shao, Ida Sisson, Titilola Sonaike, Richard P Sorelle, Angelica E Sutton, Amanda F Svatek, Leah Anne Svetz, Kavitha S Tamerisa, Tineace R Taylor, Brian Teague, Nicole Thomas, Rachel D Thorn, Zulma Y Trejos, Brenda K Trevino, Ogechi N Ukegbu, Jeremy B Urban, Lydia I Vasquez, Virginia A Vera, Donna M Villasana, Ling Wang, Stephanie Ward-Moore, James T Warren, Xuehong Wei, Flower White, Angela L Williamson, Regina Wleczyk, Hailey S Wooden, Steven H Wooden, Jennifer Yen, Lillienne Yoon, Vivienne Yoon, Sara E Zorrilla, David Nelson, Raju Kucherlapati, George Weinstock, Richard A Gibbs

Index: Nature 440(7082) , 346-51, (2006)

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Abstract

Human chromosome 12 contains more than 1,400 coding genes and 487 loci that have been directly implicated in human disease. The q arm of chromosome 12 contains one of the largest blocks of linkage disequilibrium found in the human genome. Here we present the finished sequence of human chromosome 12, which has been finished to high quality and spans approximately 132 megabases, representing approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Alignment of the human chromosome 12 sequence across vertebrates reveals the origin of individual segments in chicken, and a unique history of rearrangement through rodent and primate lineages. The rate of base substitutions in recent evolutionary history shows an overall slowing in hominids compared with primates and rodents.