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pyridostigmine bromide

Names

[ CAS No. ]:
101-26-8

[ Name ]:
pyridostigmine bromide

[Synonym ]:
3-(Dimethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-methylpyridinium Bromide
Pyridostigminbromid
mestinonbromide
EINECS 202-929-9
ro1-5130
3-Dimethylcarbamoyloxy-1-methyl-pyridinium,Bromid
pyridostigmine
3-dimethylcarbamoyloxy-1-methyl-pyridinium,bromide
MFCD00079283
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridinium, 3-(((dimethylamino)carbonyl)oxy)-1-methyl-, bromide
regonal
kalymin
Pyridinium, 3-[[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-1-methyl-, bromide (1:1)
3-Hydroxy-1
3-((Dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium bromide
mestinonebromide
pyridostygmine bromide
3-[(Dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-1-methylpyridinium bromide
3-[[(Dimethylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-1-methylpyridinium Bromide
Pyridostigmine (bromide)
3-{[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]oxy}-1-methylpyridinium bromide
pyridinium, 3-[[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-1-methyl-, bromide
kalimin
Mestinon
PYBR

Biological Activity

[Description]:

Pyridostigmine is a parasympathomimetic and a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.Target: AChEPyridostigmine is a parasympathomimetic and a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Since it is a quaternary amine, it is poorly absorbed in the gut and does not cross the blood–brain barrier, except possibly in stressful conditions. Pyridostigmine inhibits acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft, thus slowing down the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. It is a quaternary carbamate inhibitor of cholinesterase that does not cross the blood–brain barrier which carbamylates about 30% of peripheral cholinesterase enzyme. The carbamylated enzyme eventually regenerates by natural hydrolysis and excess ACh levels revert to normal.Pyridostigmine is used to treat muscle weakness in people with myasthenia gravis and to combat the effects of curariform drug toxicity. Pyridostigmine bromide has been FDA approved for military use during combat situations as an agent to be given prior to exposure to the nerve agent Soman in order to increase survival. Used in particular during the first Gulf War, pyridostigmine bromide has been implicated as a causal factor in Gulf War syndrome. Pyridostigmine sometimes is used to treat orthostatic hypotension. It may also be of benefit in chronic axonal polyneuropathy.

[Related Catalog]:

Signaling Pathways >> Neuronal Signaling >> AChE
Research Areas >> Neurological Disease

[References]

[1]. Gales BJ, et al. Pyridostigmine in the treatment of orthostatic intolerance. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Feb;41(2):314-8. Epub 2007 Feb 6.

[2]. Kanjwal K, et al. Pyridostigmine in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia: a single-center experience. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011 Jun;34(6):750-5.


[Related Small Molecules]

Galantamine | Choline glycerophosphate | benzethonium chloride | Malathion | (-)-Huperzine A | Scopoletin | Tacrine hydrochloride hydrate | Huperzine A | Epiberberine chloride | Protriptyline hydrochloride | Imperatorin | Itopride hydrochloride | Enzacamene | Corydaline | Drofenine hydrochloride

Chemical & Physical Properties

[ Density]:
0.9613 g/cm3 (20ºC)

[ Boiling Point ]:
88 (25 torr)

[ Melting Point ]:
154 °C

[ Molecular Formula ]:
C9H13BrN2O2

[ Molecular Weight ]:
261.116

[ Exact Mass ]:
260.016022

[ PSA ]:
33.42000

[ Index of Refraction ]:
1.48 (20ºC)

[ Storage condition ]:
Refrigerator

MSDS

Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
UU5270000
CHEMICAL NAME :
Pyridinium, 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-, bromide, dimethylcarbamate (ester)
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
101-26-8
LAST UPDATED :
199806
DATA ITEMS CITED :
20
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C9-H13-N2-O2.Br
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
261.15
WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
T6KJ A1 COVN1&1 &E

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human - woman
DOSE/DURATION :
7800 ug/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - fasciculations Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - visual field changes Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
REFERENCE :
IJMDAI Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. (POB 1435, Jerusalem 91013, Israel) V.1- 1965- Volume(issue)/page/year: 27,659,1991
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Human - man
DOSE/DURATION :
9 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - fasciculations
REFERENCE :
IJMDAI Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. (POB 1435, Jerusalem 91013, Israel) V.1- 1965- Volume(issue)/page/year: 27,659,1991
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
37500 ug/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,1042,1995
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
2699 ug/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
FAATDF Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,S195,1984
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
3100 ug/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
JMCMAR Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. (American Chemical Soc., Distribution Office Dept. 223, POB POB 57136, West End Stn., Washington, DC 20037) V.6- 1963- Volume(issue)/page/year: 26,145,1983
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intramuscular
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
2790 ug/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
DCTODJ Drug and Chemical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.1- 1977/78- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,507,1984
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
16 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - miosis (pupillary constriction) Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation
REFERENCE :
GNRIDX Gendai no Rinsho. (Tokyo, Japan) V.1-10, 1967-76(?). Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,828,1968
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
1 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,354,1982
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Subcutaneous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
1500 ug/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - miosis (pupillary constriction) Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation
REFERENCE :
GNRIDX Gendai no Rinsho. (Tokyo, Japan) V.1-10, 1967-76(?). Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,828,1968
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intravenous
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
1500 ug/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
MECHAN Medicinal Chemistry, A Series of Reviews. (New York, NY) V.1-6, 1951-63. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,329,1956 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
1350 mg/kg/15D-C
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Blood - other changes Musculoskeletal - other changes Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - true cholinesterase
REFERENCE :
TOPADD Toxicologic Pathology. (c/o Dr. F.A. de la Iglesia, Warner-Lambert Co., Pharmaceutical Research Div., POB 1047, Ann Arbor, MI 48106) V.6(3/4)- 1978- Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,387,1990
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION :
140 mg/kg/14D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from small intestine Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - true cholinesterase Related to Chronic Data - death
REFERENCE :
FAATDF Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,40,1990
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION :
168 mg/kg/28D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - true cholinesterase
REFERENCE :
FAATDF Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,40,1990
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION :
540 mg/kg/90D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - true cholinesterase
REFERENCE :
FAATDF Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 14,40,1990
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Bird - chicken
DOSE/DURATION :
225 mg/kg/9W-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Blood - other changes Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - true cholinesterase
REFERENCE :
JTEHD6 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Hemisphere Pub., 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1975/76- Volume(issue)/page/year: 48,35,1996 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
630 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 14 day(s) pre-mating
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
REFERENCE :
TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 69,291,1991
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
280 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 15-21 day(s) after conception lactating female 21 day(s) post-birth
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Maternal Effects - other effects Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
REFERENCE :
TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 69,291,1991
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
DOSE :
300 mg/kg
SEX/DURATION :
female 6-15 day(s) after conception
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - physical
REFERENCE :
TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 69,291,1991 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 81490 No. of Facilities: 58 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 2 No. of Employees: 230 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 81490 No. of Facilities: 46 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 2 No. of Employees: 1619 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 791 (estimated)

Safety Information

[ Symbol ]:

GHS06

[ Signal Word ]:
Danger

[ Hazard Statements ]:
H300 + H310 + H330-H317

[ Precautionary Statements ]:
Missing Phrase - N15.00950417-P260-P262-P280-P302 + P352 + P310-P304 + P340 + P310

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
Eyeshields;Faceshields;full-face particle respirator type N100 (US);Gloves;respirator cartridge type N100 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter;type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges

[ Hazard Codes ]:
T+: Very toxic;

[ Risk Phrases ]:
R26/27/28

[ Safety Phrases ]:
S22-S36/37/39-S45

[ RIDADR ]:
UN 2811 6.1/PG 2

[ RTECS ]:
UU5270000

Synthetic Route

Precursor & DownStream

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