trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine hemisulfate salt

Tranylcypromine hemisulfate is an irreversible, nonselective MAO inhibitor used in the treatment of depression.

Signaling Pathways >> Epigenetics >> Histone Demethylase

Signaling Pathways >> Neuronal Signaling >> Monoamine Oxidase

Research Areas >> Neurological Disease

Tranylcypromine (10 nM to 10 µM) exerts neuroprotective effects against toxicity induced by human Aβ(1-42) oligomers independently from the presence of glial cells[1]. Tranylcypromine (100 μM) significantly protects RGCs from glutamate neurotoxicity-induced apoptosis as well as apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Tranylcypromine promotes mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 (p38 MAPKγ) expression under conditions of glutamate (Glu)-induced stress. Besides, tranylcypromine contributes to RGC survival via alterations of p38 MAPKγ activity[3].

Tranylcypromine treatment significantly and substantially reduces the lesion size and improves generalized hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent fashion in mice with induced endometriosis. In addition, tranylcypromine treatment results in reduced immunoreactivity to biomarkers of proliferation, angiogenesis, and H3K4 methylation, leading to arrested EMT and lesion growth[2]. Tranylcypromine (500 mM) injection exerts neuroprotective effects within intracellular apoptotic signaling pathways and suppresses morphologic changes in the retina of the rat, suppresses caspase 3 activity and recovers p38 MAPKγ expression in the retina after NMDA-induced injury, and enhances RGC survival after retinal injury via the attenuation of NMDA neurotoxicity[3]. Tranylcypromine (10 µg/g) causes an approximate and significant doubling of labeled cells in the combined brain regions examined, as detected by BrdU immunohistochemistry. Tranylcypromine causes the greatest increase in cell proliferation in the cerebellum[4].

Briefly, the rats are anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of a 1:1 mixture of xylazine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg) and ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg). Then, the pupil is dilated with phenylephrine hydrochloride and tropicamide eye drops, and 20 nmol NMDA with or without tranylcypromine is injected into the vitreous cavity. To assess the inhibitory effect of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 100 nmol BIRB796 is intravitreally injected at the same time of NMDA injection. The injections are performed under a microscope using a 33-gauge needle connected to a microsyringe; the needle is inserted approximately 1.0 mm behind the corneal limbus. Next, either PBS (vehicle control) or 500 mM tranylcypromine (1000 nmol) mixed with 10 mM NMDA (20 nmol) in a total volume of 2.0 μL is injected into the vitreous cavity.

[1]. Caraci F, et al. Neuroprotective effects of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine and its amide derivatives against Aβ(1-42)-induced toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015 Oct 5;764:256-263.

[2]. Sun Q, et al. Tranylcypromine, a lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor, suppresses lesion growth and improves generalized hyperalgesia in mouse with induced endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2016 Apr 9;14:17.

[3]. Tsutsumi T, et al. Potential Neuroprotective Effects of an LSD1 Inhibitor in Retinal Ganglion Cells via p38 MAPK Activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016 Nov 1;57(14):6461-6473.

[4]. Romanczyk TB, et al. The antidepressant tranylcypromine alters cellular proliferation and migration in the adult goldfish brain. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2014 Oct;297(10):1919-26.

GSK-J4 | QC6352 | GSK2879552 | SP-2509 | CPI-455 | Phenelzine (sulfate) | 5-Carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline | Clorgyline hydrochloride | ML324 | Rosmarinic acid | pargyline hydrochloride | GSK-LSD1 Dihydrochloride | NCGC00244536 | Daminozide | ORY-1001(trans)

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

360.46

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

L3TJ AZ BR 2 &..H2.S-O4

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

34 mg/kg/60D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - paresthesis Musculoskeletal - joints

REFERENCE :

AJPSAO American Journal of Psychiatry. (American Psychiatric Assoc., Circulation Dept., 1400 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.78- 1921- Volume(issue)/page/year: 140,1229,1983

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

1200 ug/kg/3D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section

REFERENCE :

AJPSAO American Journal of Psychiatry. (American Psychiatric Assoc., Circulation Dept., 1400 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.78- 1921- Volume(issue)/page/year: 144,119,1987

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

45 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

ABMGAJ Acta Biologica et Medica Germanica. (Berlin, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1-41, 1958-82. For publisher information, see BBIADT. Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,617,1967

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

38 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

27ZQAG "Psychotropic Drugs and Related Compounds," 2nd ed., Usdin, E., and D.H. Efron, Washington, DC, 1972 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,359,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

41 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

EJPHAZ European Journal of Pharmacology. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 6,115,1969

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

37 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

27ZQAG "Psychotropic Drugs and Related Compounds," 2nd ed., Usdin, E., and D.H. Efron, Washington, DC, 1972 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,359,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

150 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

BJPCAL British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. (London, UK) V.1-33, 1946-68. For publisher information, see BJPCBM. Volume(issue)/page/year: 25,158,1965 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW IDPYAK Industrial Pharmacology. (Mount Kisco, NY) V.1-3, 1974-79. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,209,1975 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X5685 No. of Facilities: 8 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 1 No. of Employees: 239 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 157 (estimated)