Girinimbine

Girinimbine (Girinimbin) is a carbazole alkaloid with a variety of biological effects. Girinimbine can induce apoptosis, and has antitrypanosomal, antiplatelet activity, antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities[1][2][3].

Signaling Pathways >> Apoptosis >> Apoptosis

Research Areas >> Cancer

Research Areas >> Infection

Research Areas >> Inflammation/Immunology

Signaling Pathways >> Anti-infection >> Bacterial

Girinimbine (1-400 µM; 24-72 h) decreases the viability of HepG2 cells in 24, 48 and 72 h with IC50 values of 61 µM, 56 µM, and 40 µM respectively. Girinimbine (10-100 µM; 24-48 h) increase of LDH leakage in both concentration- and time-dependent manner in HepG2 cells[1]. Girinimbine (56 µM; 24-48 h) treatment results in DNA fragmentation and elevates levels of caspase-3 in HepG2 cells[1].HepG2 cells[1]. Girinimbine (56 µM; 12-48 h) treatment also displays a time-dependent accumulation of the Sub-G0/G1 peak (hypodiploid) and caused G0/G1-phase arrest[1]. Girinimbine shows a potent antitrypanosomal activitywith an IC50 value of 10.16 µg/mL[3]. Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Line: HepG2 cells Concentration: 1 µM, 10 µM, 50 µM, 100 µM, 200 µM Incubation Time: 24 h, 48 h and 72 h Result: Inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apoptosis Analysis[1] Cell Line: HepG2 cells Concentration: 56 µM Incubation Time: 24 h, 48 h Result: Showed typical morphological features of apoptosis. Cell Cycle Analysis[1] Cell Line: HepG2 cells Concentration: 56 µM Incubation Time: 12 h, 24 h, 48 h Result: Induced G0/G1-phase arrest in HepG2 cells.

Girinimbine (10-100 mg/kg; orally gavage; once) pretreatment helps limit total leukocyte migration, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) levels in the peritoneal fluid[2]. In vivo in zebrafish embryos, Girinimbine (20 μg/mL; 24 hours) shows significant distribution of apoptotic cells in embryos[2]. Animal Model: Male ICR mice (25-35 g) treated with carrageenan[2] Dosage: 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg Administration: Orally gavage; once Result: Helped limit total leukocyte migration, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the peritoneal fluid.

[1]. Suvitha Syam, et al. The growth suppressing effects of girinimbine on HepG2 involve induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Molecules. 2011 Aug 23;16(8):7155-70.

[2]. Venoos Iman, et al. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of girinimbine isolated from Murraya koenigii. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016 Dec 28;11:103-121.

[3]. H O Dyary, et al. Antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities of botanical extracts from Murraya koenigii (L.) and Alpinia mutica Roxb. Trop Biomed. 2019 Mar 1;36(1):94-102.