diltiazem hydrochloride

Names

[ Name ]:
diltiazem hydrochloride

[Synonym ]:
Adizem
masdil
1,5-Benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2S,3S)-, hydrochloride (1:1)
MFCD00069252
Kardil
Diltiazem hydrochloride s
Dilthiazem hydrochloride
(2S,3S)-(+)-cis-3-Acetoxy-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one hydrochloride
(2S,3S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate hydrochloride
(+)-cis-Diltiazem Hydrochloride
Cohlen
Cormax
Zilde
Diltiazem HCl
angiotrofin
EINECS 251-443-3
(2S,3S)-5-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-ylacetathydrochlorid
dilzem
bruzem
Diltiazem (hydrochloride)
(+)-cis-3-(Acetyloxy)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one Monohydrochloride
Dodexen A.P.
1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one, 3-(acetyloxy)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, (2S,3S)-, monohydrochloride
Diltiazem d-cis-form hydrochloride
Presokin A. P.
acétate de (2S,3S)-5-[2-(diméthylamino)éthyl]-2-(4-méthoxyphényl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tétrahydro-1,5-benzothiazépin-3-yle chlorhydrate
Tiazac
(2S,3S)-5-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate hydrochloride (1:1)
Diltiazem hydrochloride
Zilden

Biological Activity

[Description]:

Diltiazem hydrochloride is a Ca2+ influx inhibitor (slow channel blocker or calcium antagonist).

[Related Catalog]:

Signaling Pathways >> Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >> Calcium Channel

Research Areas >> Cardiovascular Disease

[In Vitro]

Benzothiazepine Ca2+ antagonist diltiazem hydrochloride interacts with transmembrane segments IIIS6 and IVS6 in the α1 subunit of L-type Ca2+ channels[1]. Diltiazem causes a dose-dependent inhibiton of contractions as well as Ca2+ influx stimulated by alpha adrenoceptor activation and high-K+ depolarization. Diltiazem is roughly equally potent in inhibiting contractions induced by high-K+ and a low concentration of norepinephrine (NE)[2]. Diltiazem also inhibits the Na-dependent Ca-efflux from heart mitochondria. Both the (+)-optical isomers of the cis- and trans-forms of diltiazem inhibit Na-Ca exchange activity with comparable potency (IC50 of 10-20 μM)[3].

[In Vivo]

Diltiazem produces a noncompetitive inhibition of Ca2+-induced contractions of depolarized rabbit aorta. Furthermore, there is a lack of parallelism between the smooth muscle effects of removal of [Ca2+]ex and of addition of diltiazem[2]. Diltiazem improves the cardiac microcirculation and function in an experimental model of hyperthyroidism in rats. The treatment of hyperthyroid rats with losartan diltiazem (4.7±0.7%; P < 0.001) significantly reduces the percentage of fibrosis areas in the left ventricle [4]. In conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), diltiazem dose-dependently decreases the blood pressure and increases the heart rate after intravenous administration (0.03--1 mg/kg). Oral administration of diltiazem (100 mg/kg) also reduces the blood pressure of SHR[5].

[References]

[1]. Kraus RL, et al. Molecular mechanism of diltiazem interaction with L-type Ca2+ channels. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 16;273(42):27205-12.

[2]. van Breemen C, et al. The mechanism of inhibitory action of diltiazem on vascular smooth muscle contractility. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981 Aug;218(2):459-63.

[3]. Chiesi M, et al. Stereospecific action of diltiazem on the mitochondrial Na-Ca exchange system and on sarcolemmal Ca-channels. Biochem Pharmacol. 1987 Sep 1;36(17):2735-40.

[4]. Freitas F, et al. Cardiac microvascular rarefaction in hyperthyroid rats is reversed by losartan, diltiazem, and propranolol. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Feb;29(1):31-40.

[5]. Sato M, et al. Hypotensive effects of diltiazem hydrochloride in the normotensive, spontaneously hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats (author's transl). Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1979 Mar;75(2):99-106.

[Related Small Molecules]

Chemical & Physical Properties

[ Density]:
1.26g/cm3

[ Boiling Point ]:
594.4ºC at 760mmHg

[ Melting Point ]:
212-214 °C

[ Molecular Formula ]:
C₂₂H₂₇ClN₂O₄S

[ Molecular Weight ]:
450.979

[ Flash Point ]:
313.3ºC

[ Exact Mass ]:
450.138000

[ PSA ]:
84.38000

[ LogP ]:
4.23550

[ Index of Refraction ]:
118 ° (C=1, H2O)

[ Storage condition ]:
2-8°C

[ Water Solubility ]:
soluble

MSDS

Click to get detail MSDS

Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: DL0310000

CHEMICAL NAME :: 1,5-Benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one, 2,3-dihydro-3-(acetyloxy)-5-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)- 2-(4- methoxyphenyl)-, monohydrochloride, cis-(+)-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 33286-22-5

LAST UPDATED :: 199607

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 37

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C22-H26-N2-O4-S.Cl-H

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 451.02

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: T67 GNV KS&TJ G2N1&1 IOV1 JR DO1 &GH

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 21 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Cardiac - cardiomyopathy including infarction Cardiac - pulse rate Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section

REFERENCE :: PGMJAO Postgraduate Medical Journal. (Blackwell Scientific Pub. Ltd., POB 88, Oxford, UK) V.1- 1925- Volume(issue)/page/year: 69,474,1993

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 3429 ug/kg/2D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)

REFERENCE :: LANCAO Lancet. (7 Adam St., London WC2N 6AD, UK) V.1- 1823- Volume(issue)/page/year: 341,967,1993

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 8400 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Cardiac - pulse rate Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section

REFERENCE :: AEMED3 Annals of Emergency Medicine. (American College of Emergency Physicians, 1125 Executive Circle, Irving, TX 75038) Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,196,1993

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 18 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Cardiac - cardiomyopathy including infarction Cardiac - pulse rate Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section

REFERENCE :: JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,45,1991

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 120 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Cardiac - cardiomyopathy including infarction

REFERENCE :: HETOEA Human & Experimental Toxicology. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Brunel Road, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 2XS, UK) V.9- 1990- Volume(issue)/page/year: 13,161,1994

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 19 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)

REFERENCE :: PGMJAO Postgraduate Medical Journal. (Blackwell Scientific Pub. Ltd., POB 88, Oxford, UK) V.1- 1925- Volume(issue)/page/year: 64,467,1988

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :: 36 mg/kg/13D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Liver - hepatitis, fibrous (cirrhosis, post-necrotic scarring)

REFERENCE :: GASTAB Gastroenterology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1943- Volume(issue)/page/year: 88,1260,1985

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 18 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section Skin and Appendages - sweating

REFERENCE :: JTCTDW Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.19- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,45,1991

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 7200 ug/kg/2D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions Behavioral - toxic psychosis

REFERENCE :: JRSMD9 Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. (Oxford Univ. Press, Walton St., Oxford OX2 6DP, UK) V.71- 1978- Volume(issue)/page/year: 81,296,1988

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 7200 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions Behavioral - toxic psychosis

REFERENCE :: JRSMD9 Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. (Oxford Univ. Press, Walton St., Oxford OX2 6DP, UK) V.71- 1978- Volume(issue)/page/year: 81,296,1988

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 560 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - antipsychotic

REFERENCE :: JJPAAZ Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Japanese Pharmacological Soc., c/o Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,467,1972

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 520 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - antipsychotic

REFERENCE :: JJPAAZ Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Japanese Pharmacological Soc., c/o Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,467,1972

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 38 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - tetany

REFERENCE :: JMGZAI Japan Medical Gazette. (Tokyo, Japan) V.1-18(?), 1964-81. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 11(1),12,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 508 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: JMCMAR Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. (American Chemical Soc., Distribution Office Dept. 223, POB POB 57136, West End Stn., Washington, DC 20037) V.6- 1963- Volume(issue)/page/year: 33,2192,1990

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 177 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: JMCMAR Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. (American Chemical Soc., Distribution Office Dept. 223, POB POB 57136, West End Stn., Washington, DC 20037) V.6- 1963- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,820,1986

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 260 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - antipsychotic

REFERENCE :: JJPAAZ Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Japanese Pharmacological Soc., c/o Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,467,1972

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 58 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - antipsychotic

REFERENCE :: JJPAAZ Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Japanese Pharmacological Soc., c/o Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,467,1972

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 40 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,4843,1987 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 45500 mg/kg/26W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases Related to Chronic Data - death

REFERENCE :: OYYAA2 Oyo Yakuri. Pharmacometrics. (Oyo Yakuri Kenkyukai, CPO Box 180, Sendai 980-91, Japan) V.1- 1967- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,757,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 1638 mg/kg/13W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Endocrine - changes in adrenal weight Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, other (after systemic exposure)

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,4851,1987 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 1200 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 9-14 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Maternal Effects - parturition Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,3401,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 60 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 9-14 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth)

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,3401,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 700 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 15-21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,3401,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 600 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 11 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,3401,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

DOSE :: 480 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 9-14 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

REFERENCE :: OFAJAE Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica. (Keio Univ., School of Medicine, Dept. of Anatomy, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan) V.14- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 52,103,1975

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

DOSE :: 80 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 13 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :: OFAJAE Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica. (Keio Univ., School of Medicine, Dept. of Anatomy, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan) V.14- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 52,103,1975

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

DOSE :: 130 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 17-21 day(s) after conception lactating female 21 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,4869,1987

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

DOSE :: 378 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 14 day(s) pre-mating female 1-7 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,4857,1987

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 60 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 7-12 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,3401,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 25 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,3401,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 100 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - sex ratio

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,3401,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 25 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 10 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death

REFERENCE :: KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 8,3401,1974

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

DOSE :: 12500 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 11 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

REFERENCE :: OFAJAE Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica. (Keio Univ., School of Medicine, Dept. of Anatomy, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan) V.14- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 52,103,1975

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

DOSE :: 25 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :: OFAJAE Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica. (Keio Univ., School of Medicine, Dept. of Anatomy, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan) V.14- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 52,103,1975

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

DOSE :: 50 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :: OFAJAE Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica. (Keio Univ., School of Medicine, Dept. of Anatomy, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan) V.14- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 52,103,1975

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

DOSE :: 50 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 13 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

REFERENCE :: OFAJAE Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica. (Keio Univ., School of Medicine, Dept. of Anatomy, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan) V.14- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 52,103,1975

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

DOSE :: 125 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 7-16 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :: OFAJAE Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica. (Keio Univ., School of Medicine, Dept. of Anatomy, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan) V.14- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 52,103,1975

Safety Information

[ Symbol ]:

GHS02, GHS07

[ Signal Word ]:
Danger

[ Hazard Statements ]:
H225-H302 + H312 + H332-H319

[ Precautionary Statements ]:
P210-P261-P302 + P352 + P312-P304 + P340 + P312-P337 + P313-P403 + P235

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves

[ Hazard Codes ]:
Xn:Harmful

[ Risk Phrases ]:
R22;R40

[ Safety Phrases ]:
S36-S45-S36/37

[ RIDADR ]:
3249

[ WGK Germany ]:
3

[ RTECS ]:
DL0310000

[ Packaging Group ]:
III

[ Hazard Class ]:
6.1(b)

[ HS Code ]:
2934999090

Synthetic Route

Click to get detail synthetic route

Precursor & DownStream

Precursor

DownStream

Customs

[ HS Code ]: 2934999090

[ Summary ]:
2934999090. other heterocyclic compounds. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:20.0%

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Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.

Nat. Chem. Biol. 3(5) , 268-273, (2007)

The identification of self-renewing and multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the mammalian brain holds promise for the treatment of neurological diseases and has yielded new insight into brain canc...