(S)-Thalidomide

(S)-Thalidomide ((S)-(-)-Thalidomide) is the S-enantiomer of Thalidomide. (S)-Thalidomide has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects[1][2][3]. (S)-Thalidomide induces teratogenic effects by binding to cereblon (CRBN) [4].

Signaling Pathways >> Apoptosis >> Apoptosis

Research Areas >> Inflammation/Immunology

Research Areas >> Metabolic Disease

Apoptosis[1]

(S)-Thalidomide treatment results in a reduction in cell viability in U266 cells with an IC50 of 362 μM[1]. (S)-Thalidomide treatment increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in U266 cells[1]. There are changes in the expression profile of genes involved in angiogenesis and apoptosis, but the changes are most dramatic in the apoptotic genes. In particular, the expression of I-κB kinase is decreased by two-fold, which is associated with a four-fold decrease in NF-κB expression. (S)-Thalidomide increases the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, also increases I-kB protein levels, and decreases NF-kB activity. A dramatic decrease in Bcl-2 expression with (S)-Thalidomide suggests a possible enhancement of cytotoxic effect if combined with other cytotoxic agents[1]. Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Line: U266 MM cells Concentration: 0 µM, 10 µM, 100 µM, 150 µM, 200 µM, 1000 µM Incubation Time: 3 days Result: A reduction in cell viability was observed in U266 cells. Apoptosis Analysis[1] Cell Line: U266 MM cells Concentration: 100 µM, 150 µM, 200 µM, 1000 µM Incubation Time: 3 days Result: Increased apoptosis in U266 cells.

Thalidomide does cause limb reduction defects in chick embryos as long as the embryos are directly exposed to the drug. The most useful techniques are implanting Thalidomide-soaked beads into the embryo immediately adjacent to the limb territory or soaking presumptive chick limb territories in Thalidomide and then grafting the explants to a host embryo celom. Thalidomide affects the chick limb grafted to a host embryo in a dose response fashion. Furthermore, (S)-Thalidomide is more teratogenic than (R)-Thalidomide[1].

[1]. Liu WM, et al. s-thalidomide has a greater effect on apoptosis than angiogenesis in a multiple myeloma cell line. Hematol J. 2004;5(3):247-54.

[2]. Stephens TD. The effect of thalidomide in chicken embryos. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009 Aug;85(8):725-31.

[3]. Murphy S, et al. Enantioselectivity of thalidomide serum and tissue concentrations in a rat glioma model and effects of combination treatment with cisplatin and BCNU. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;59(1):105-14.

[4]. Tokunaga E, et al. Understanding the Thalidomide Chirality in Biological Processes by the Self-disproportionation of Enantiomers. Sci Rep. 2018 Nov 20;8(1):17131.

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C13-H10-N2-O4

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

258.25

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T56 BVNVJ C- DT6VMVTJ

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

700 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)

REFERENCE :

NATUAS Nature. (Nature Subscription Dept., POB 1018, Manasguan, NJ 08736) V.1- 1869- Volume(issue)/page/year: 215,296,1967 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

DOSE :

100 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 10 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

REFERENCE :

ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1640,1979

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

DOSE :

12500 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

REFERENCE :

ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1640,1979

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

DOSE :

50 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

REFERENCE :

ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1640,1979

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

900 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-12 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - other developmental abnormalities

REFERENCE :

NATUAS Nature. (Nature Subscription Dept., POB 1018, Manasguan, NJ 08736) V.1- 1869- Volume(issue)/page/year: 215,296,1967 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW BCSTB5 Biochemical Society Transactions. (Biochemical Soc. Book Depot, POB 32, Commerce Way, Colchester, Essex CO2 8HP, UK) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,695,1974