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苹果酸

苹果酸用途

苹果酸是一种二羧酸,天然存在于水果如苹果和梨中。它在许多酸味或酸味食物中起作用。

苹果酸名称

[ CAS 号 ]:
6915-15-7

[ 中文名 ]:
DL-苹果酸

[ 英文名 ]:
(±)-Malic Acid

[中文别名 ]:

[英文别名 ]:

hydroxy-butanedioic acid
MFCD00064212
R,S(±)-Malic acid
Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-
alpha-Hydroxysuccinic acid
(±)-1-Hydroxy-1,2-ethanedicarboxylic Acid
UNII:817L1N4CKP
Butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-
Hydroxybutandisaeure
alpha-hydroxysuccinicacid

苹果酸生物活性

[ 描述 ]:

苹果酸是一种二羧酸,天然存在于水果如苹果和梨中。它在许多酸味或酸味食物中起作用。

[ 相关类别 ]:

研究领域 >> 其他

[ 靶点 ]

Human Endogenous Metabolite

[参考文献]

[1]. Dai Z, et al. Current advance in biological production of malic acid using wild type and metabolic engineered strains. Bioresour Technol. 2018 Jun;258:345-353.

[相关活性小分子]

苹果酸物理化学性质

[ 密度 ]:
1.6±0.1 g/cm3

[ 沸点 ]:
306.4±27.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ 熔点 ]:
131-133ºC(lit.)

[ 分子式 ]:
C₄H₆O₅

[ 分子量 ]:
134.087

[ 闪点 ]:
153.4±20.2 °C

[ 精确质量 ]:
134.021530

[ PSA ]:
94.83000

[ LogP ]:
-1.26

[ 外观性状 ]:
白色至几乎白色晶体或晶体粉末

[ 蒸汽密度 ]:
4.6 (vs air)

[ 蒸汽压 ]:
0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C

[ 折射率 ]:
1.529

[ 储存条件 ]:
2-8°C

[ 水溶解性 ]:
methanol: 0.1 g/mL, clear, colorless | 558 g/L (20 ºC)

苹果酸MSDS

详细MSDS(安全技术说明书)

苹果酸毒性和生态

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: ON7175000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Malic acid

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 6915-15-7

LAST UPDATED :: 199701

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 9

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C4-H6-O5

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 134.10

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: QVYQ1VQ -L

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

REFERENCE :: 85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,657,1986

TYPE OF TEST :: Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration into the eye

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

REFERENCE :: 85JCAE "Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky," Marhold, J., Prague, Czechoslovakia, Avicenum, 1986 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,657,1986 ** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 100 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: 38MKAJ "Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology," 3rd rev. ed., Clayton, G.D., and F.E. Clayton, eds., New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978-82. Vol. 3 originally pub. in 1979; pub. as 2nd rev. ed. in 1985. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2C,4937,1982

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 1600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: KODAK* Kodak Company Reports. (343 State St., Rochester, NY 14650) Volume(issue)/page/year: #82-0458

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 50 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: 38MKAJ "Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology," 3rd rev. ed., Clayton, G.D., and F.E. Clayton, eds., New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978-82. Vol. 3 originally pub. in 1979; pub. as 2nd rev. ed. in 1985. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2C,4937,1982 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - M1766 No. of Facilities: 1278 (estimated) No. of Industries: 11 No. of Occupations: 21 No. of Employees: 8629 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - M1766 No. of Facilities: 3524 (estimated) No. of Industries: 44 No. of Occupations: 46 No. of Employees: 80674 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 51609 (estimated)

苹果酸安全信息

[ 符号 ]:

GHS07

[ 信号词 ]:
Warning

[ 危害声明 ]:
H319

[ 警示性声明 ]:
P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P337 + P313

[ 个人防护装备 ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves

[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
Xi: Irritant;

[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R36/37/38

[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S26-S37/39

[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

[ WGK德国 ]:
1

[ RTECS号 ]:
ON7175000

[ 海关编码 ]:
2918990090

苹果酸制备

1.DL-苹果酸的化学合成法

将200kg顺丁烯二酸酐溶于400kg水，于不锈钢高压釜中，185℃±3℃和1.0MPa下搅拌反应6~8h，在反应过程中，当温度>120℃时，顺丁烯二酸与水作用生成苹果酸；而当温度>130℃时，顺丁烯二酸本身也异构化为反丁烯二酸。而在反应条件下，苹果酸又与反丁烯二酸存在着一种平衡，因此当反应结束后，顺丁烯二酸与苹果酸的比例为1：17。若在反应初期，按比例加入反丁烯二酸，则收率可由63%上升到90%以上。反应物冷却至100℃以下后，压入蒸馏釜于60℃下减压浓缩，再经冷却、结晶、离心分离、干燥而得成品。

2.将苯催化氧化，得到马来酸和富马酸，然后在高温和加压下进行水合反应。反应生成物主要是苹果酸和少量反丁烯二酸，过滤分离出反丁烯二酸晶体，母液浓缩，离心分离固体，得粗苹果酸，再经精制结晶得成品。也可以利用发酵法或萃取法制得。

3.将反丁烯二酸或顺丁烯二酸经高温高压催化加水，可制得DL-苹果酸。

4.萃取法　将未成熟的苹果、葡萄、桃等的果汁煮沸，加入石灰水，生成钙盐沉淀，然后再经处理生成游离苹果酸。此法目前已不采用。

5.发酵法　从反丁烯二酸利用生物酶发酵生产左旋苹果酸。

6.DL-苹果酸的合成　以顺丁烯二酸或反丁烯二酸在高温、加压下水合制取。用阴、阳离子交换树脂提纯。

7.L- 苹果酸的合成　利用短杆菌氨基因细胞由反丁烯二酸制取。

8. 烟草：FC，22， 38，50， 54；BU，39。

9.制法：

于高压反应釜中加入顺丁烯二酸（2）1.16kg（10mol），水2.1L，搅拌下升温至180～190℃，保持压力1Mpa，反应10h。冷却至100℃以下，放出残压。将反应液倒入蒸馏瓶中，减压浓缩，直至有结晶析出。冷却，抽滤，干燥，得苹果酸（1）1.2kg，mp128～130℃。收率90%。

苹果酸海关

[ 海关编码 ]: 2918990090

[ 中文概述 ]:
2918990090. 其他含其他附加含氧基羧酸（包括酸酐、酰卤化物、过氧化物和过氧酸及该税号的衍生物）. 增值税率:17.0%. 退税率:13.0%. 监管条件:无. 最惠国关税:6.5%. 普通关税:30.0%

[ 申报要素 ]: 品名, 成分含量, 用途

[ Summary ]:
2918990090. other carboxylic acids with additional oxygen function and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:30.0%

苹果酸文献

Urinary metabolic fingerprinting of mice with diet-induced metabolic derangements by parallel dual secondary column-dual detection two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography.

J. Chromatogr. A. 1361 , 265-76, (2014)

This study investigates the potential of a parallel dual secondary column-dual detection two-dimensional comprehensive GC platform (GC×2GC-MS/FID) for metabolic profiling and fingerprinting of mouse u...

Ultrasonication as a potential tool to predict solute crystallization in freeze-concentrates.

Pharm. Res. 31(6) , 1512-24, (2014)

We hypothesize that ultrasonication can accelerate solute crystallization in freeze-concentrates. Our objective is to demonstrate ultrasonication as a potential predictive tool for evaluating physical...

A metabolic-based approach to improve xylose utilization for fumaric acid production from acid pretreated wheat bran by Rhizopus oryzae.

Bioresour. Technol. 180 , 119-27, (2015)

In this work, wheat bran (WB) was utilized as feedstock to synthesize fumaric acid by Rhizopus oryzae. Firstly, the pretreatment process of WB by dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis undertaken at 100°C fo...

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苹果酸