Xenin 25 acetate salt

Names

[ Name ]:
Xenin 25 acetate salt

[Synonym ]:
Met-Leu-Thr-Lys-Phe-Glu-Thr-Lys-Ser-Ala-Arg-Val-Lys-Gly-Leu-Ser-Phe-His-Pro-Lys-Arg-Pro-Ile-Trp-Leu-OH
metkephamid
METKEFAMIDE
Xenin

Biological Activity

[Description]:

Xenin is a 25-amino acid peptide initially isolated from human gastric mucosa. Xenin is a gut hormone that can reduce food intake.

[Related Catalog]:

Signaling Pathways >> Others >> Others

Natural Products >> Others

Research Areas >> Metabolic Disease

Research Areas >> Neurological Disease

Peptides

[In Vitro]

Xenin is abundantly expressed in gastric, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa, and is found at lower levels in the pancreas. Xenin is released into the circulation postprandially and has been reported to stimulatepancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion, inhibit gastrin secretion, and influence gastrointestinal motility. Xenin is highly homologous to neurotensin. Xenin and neurotensin are reported to have similar biological effects[1].

[In Vivo]

Both intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal administration of xenin inhibit fasting-induced hyperphagia in wild-type mice in a dose-dependent manner. The intraperitoneal injection of xenin also reduces nocturnal intake in ad libitum–fed wild-type mice. The intraperitoneal injection of xenin increases Fos immunoreactivity in hypothalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus. Xenin reduces food intake in agouti and ob/ob mice[2]. Gastric emptying rate is reduced by about 93% in xenin-treated mice compared to saline-treated control mice. The i.p. xenin injection significantly increases Fos-immunoreactive cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the brainstem, but not area postrema and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus[3].

[Animal admin]

Mice: Mice (wild-type and ob/ob mice) are fasted overnight (1800–1000 h) and injected with xenin intracerebroventricularly (0.1, 1, or 5 μg) or intraperitoneally (0.5, 5, 15, or 50 μg/g body wt) at 1000 h. To compare the feeding-suppressing effect between xenin and neurotensin, equimolar amounts (16.5 nmol) of xenin (50 μg/g body wt) or neurotensin (28 μg/g body) are injected intraperitoneally after an overnight fast. Control mice receive either intracerebroventricular injection of aCSF or intraperitoneal injection of saline. Preweighed food is provided to mice immediately after the injection. Cumulative food intake is measured at time points indicated in each figure up to 24 h after injection[2].

[References]

[1]. Cooke JH, et al. Peripheral and central administration of xenin and neurotensin suppress food intake in rodents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1135-43.

[2]. Leckstrom A, et al. Xenin, a gastrointestinal peptide, regulates feeding independent of the melanocortinsignaling pathway. Diabetes. 2009 Jan;58(1):87-94.

[3]. Kim ER, et al. Xenin delays gastric emptying rate and activates the brainstem in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Aug 30;481(1):59-63.

[Related Small Molecules]

Chemical & Physical Properties

[ Molecular Formula ]:
C₁₃₉H₂₂₄N₃₈O₃₂S

[ Molecular Weight ]:
2971.57000

[ Exact Mass ]:
2969.68000

[ PSA ]:
1160.01000

[ LogP ]:
7.47840

[ Storage condition ]:
-20°C

MSDS

Click to get detail MSDS

Safety Information

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter

[ Hazard Codes ]:
Xi

[ Safety Phrases ]:
22-24/25

[ RIDADR ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

Articles

Xenin-25 increases cytosolic free calcium levels and acetylcholine release from a subset of myenteric neurons.

Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 303(12) , G1347-55, (2012)

Xenin-25 (Xen) is a 25 amino acid neurotensin-related peptide reportedly produced with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) by a subset of K cells in the proximal gut. We previously show...

Xenin plasma concentrations during modified sham feeding and during meals of different composition demonstrated by radioimmunoassay and chromatography.

Regul. Pept. 111(1-3) , 153-9, (2003)

Xenin is a 25 amino acid peptide produced by specific endocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa. Xenin has multiple biological actions in the gastrointestinal tract. It modulates intestinal motility, aff...

Evaluation of the degradation and metabolic effects of the gut peptide xenin on insulin secretion, glycaemic control and satiety.

J. Endocrinol. 207(1) , 87-93, (2010)

Recently, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have received much attention regarding possible roles in aetiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes. How...