617-48-1

• 常用中文名：DL-苹果酸
• 常用英文名：(±)-Malic Acid
• CAS号：617-48-1
• 分子式：C₄H₆O₅
• 分子量：134.087
• 相关类别： 食品添加剂 酸度调节剂
• 发布时间：2018-07-10 10:46:42
• 更新时间：2024-01-02 13:37:28
• 食品工业用作酸味剂、色泽保持剂、防腐剂和蛋黄等的乳化稳定剂等，也用于制药。
  苹果酸是国际公认的一种安全的食品添加剂，作酸味剂、保鲜剂和Ph值调节剂用，其酸味柔和且持久性长，酸味比柠檬酸强20%。可用于各类食品，按生产需要适量使用。

名称

• 中文名: DL-苹果酸
• 英文名: dl-Hydroxybutanedioic acid
• 中文别名: DL-羟基丁二酸
• 英文别名: MFCD00064212; R,S(±)-Malic acid; (±)-1-Hydroxy-1,2-ethanedicarboxylic Acid; UNII:817L1N4CKP; Butanedioic acid, 2-hydroxy-; Hydroxybutandisaeure; MALIC ACID, (DL); hydroxysuccinic acid; R,S-Malic acid; 2-hydroxybutane-1,4-dioic acid; EINECS 210-514-9; 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid; 2-Hydroxysuccinic Acid; a-Hydroxysuccinic Acid; Malic acid; Malic acid, dl-; DL-MALIC ACID; 2-Hydroxy-succinic acid; DL-Hydroxybutanedioic acid

物化性质

• 密度: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
• 沸点: 306.4±27.0 °C at 760 mmHg
• 熔点: 130-132ºC
• 分子式: C₄H₆O₅
• 分子量: 134.087
• 闪点: 153.4±20.2 °C
• 精确质量: 134.021530
• PSA: 94.83000
• LogP: -1.26
• 外观性状: 白色结晶粉末
• 蒸汽密度: 4.6 (vs air)
• 蒸汽压: 0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C
• 折射率: 1.529
• 储存条件: 室温，干燥
• 稳定性: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, amines, alkali metals, carbonates.
• 水溶解性: methanol: 0.1 g/mL, clear, colorless

MSDS

Name: DL-Malic acid Material Safety Data Sheet Synonym: DL-Hydroxysuccinic acid; Hydroxybutanedioic acid; Deoxytetraric acid CAS: 617-48-1 Section 1 - Chemical Product MSDS Name:DL-Malic acid Material Safety Data Sheet Synonym:DL-Hydroxysuccinic acid; Hydroxybutanedioic acid; Deoxytetraric acid Section 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS CAS# Chemical Name content EINECS# 617-48-1 Deleted Registry Number 210-514-9 Hazard Symbols: XN Risk Phrases: 22 36/37/38 Section 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes severe eye irritation. Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May be harmful if swallowed. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: No information found. Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES Eyes: In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical aid immediately. Skin: In case of contact, flush skin with plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops and persists. Wash clothing before reuse. Ingestion: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. Notes to Physician: Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES General Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion. This material in sufficient quantity and reduced particle size is capable of creating a dust explosion. Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or appropriate foam. Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8. Spills/Leaks: Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container. Clean up spills immediately, observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Avoid generating dusty conditions. Provide ventilation. Section 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Use with adequate ventilation. Minimize dust generation and accumulation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid breathing dust. Storage: Keep container closed when not in use. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION Engineering Controls: Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low. Exposure Limits CAS# 617-48-1: CAS# 6915-15-7: Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166. Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure. Respirators: Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced. Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical State: Crystals Color: white Odor: None reported. pH: Not available. Vapor Pressure: Negligible Viscosity: Not available. Boiling Point: Not available. Freezing/Melting Point: 130-132 deg C Autoignition Temperature: Not available. Flash Point: Not applicable. Explosion Limits, lower: Not available. Explosion Limits, upper: Not available. Decomposition Temperature: 150 deg C Solubility in water: 55.8 g/100g @ 20C Specific Gravity/Density: 1.6 Molecular Formula: C4H6O5 Molecular Weight: 134.09 Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY Chemical Stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures. Conditions to Avoid: Dust generation, excess heat. Incompatibilities with Other Materials: Metals, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, strong bases. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide. Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported. Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION RTECS#: CAS# 617-48-1 unlisted. CAS# 6915-15-7: ON7175000 LD50/LC50: Not available. CAS# 6915-15-7: Draize test, rabbit, eye: 750 ug/24H Severe; Draize test, rabbit, skin: 20 mg/24H Moderate; Oral, mouse: LD50 = 1600 mg/kg. Carcinogenicity: Deleted Registry Number - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, or NTP. Malic acid - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, or NTP. Other: See actual entry in RTECS for complete information. Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations. Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION IATA Shipping Name: Not regulated. Hazard Class: UN Number: Packing Group: IMO Shipping Name: Not regulated. Hazard Class: UN Number: Packing Group: RID/ADR Shipping Name: Not regulated. Hazard Class: UN Number: Packing group: Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION European/International Regulations European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives Hazard Symbols: XN Risk Phrases: R 22 Harmful if swallowed. R 36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. Safety Phrases: S 26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 28A After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. S 37 Wear suitable gloves. WGK (Water Danger/Protection) CAS# 617-48-1: No information available. CAS# 6915-15-7: No information available. Canada CAS# 617-48-1 is listed on Canada's DSL List. CAS# 6915-15-7 is listed on Canada's DSL List. CAS# 617-48-1 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List. CAS# 6915-15-7 is listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List. US FEDERAL TSCA CAS# 617-48-1 is not listed on the TSCA inventory. It is for research and development use only. CAS# 6915-15-7 is listed on the TSCA inventory. SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION N/A

安全

• 危害码 (欧洲): Xi:Irritant;
• 风险声明 (欧洲): R22;R34;R42/43
• 安全声明 (欧洲): S26-S37/39
• WGK德国: 1
• RTECS号: ON7175000
• 海关编码: 2918990090

合成路线

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制备

将反丁烯二酸或顺丁烯二酸经高温高压催化加水，可制得DL-苹果酸。将反丁烯二酸溶解于蒸馏水，预热至50℃加入高压反应器内。加热至180-199℃，压力约1MPa，反应8h后降温至100℃以下，将反应物压出。在60℃下真空浓缩，析出结晶。再经冷却、脱水、干燥而得成品。收率88%。苹果酸另一种主要生产方法是发酵法，用变异酵母对糖类物质进行发酵制得。
苹果酸的生产有化学合成法、发酵法和酶(或微生物)转化法。
1DL-苹果酸的化学合成
将200kg顺丁烯二酸酐溶于400kg水，于不锈钢高压釜中，185~C±3℃和1.0MPa下搅拌反应6～8h。在反应过程中，当温度>120℃时，顺丁烯二酸与水作用生成苹果酸；而当温度>130℃时，顺丁烯二酸本身也异构化为反丁烯二酸。而在反应条件下，苹果酸又与反丁烯二酸存在着一种平衡。因此当反应结束后，顺丁烯二酸与苹果酸的比例为1：1.7。若在反应初期，按比例加入反丁烯二酸，则收率可由63%上升到90%以上。反应物冷却至l00℃以下后，压人蒸馏釜于60℃下减压浓缩，再经冷却、结晶、离心分离、干燥而得成品。
2微生物(或酶)转化反丁烯二酸生产L-苹果酸
短杆菌、黄色短杆菌和产氨短杆菌等微生物均能使反丁烯二酸转化为苹果酸。先将原料反丁烯二酸与碳酸钙反应生成反丁烯二酸钙，再经转化柱(37℃)作用，生成苹果酸钙，经提取得L-苹果酸，转化率可达98%。
3单一菌种一步发酵生产L-苹果酸
米曲霉、寄生曲霉、黄曲霉等微生物能发酵糖质原料生产L-苹果酸。以大米糖为原料，用黄曲霉菌(ASP Flavus UVT3)，在500I。发酵罐中通风搅拌发酵40h，产酸率4.4%～4.95%，对糖转化率为68%～75%。
4混种发酵两步生产L-苹果酸
首先，无根根霉R25在含有12%葡萄糖的培养基中培养以积累反丁烯二酸，然后接种普通变形杆菌P1继续发酵2d，L-果酸的产量可达5．2～5.48g/100mL，糖的转化率为86.7%～91.3%。用18%的薯干粉可代替含12%的葡萄糖的培养基，产L-苹果酸可达5.47g/100mL。
发酵液稀释后过滤，清液经减压浓缩、冷却结晶得苹果酸钙。用硫酸酸解得L-苹果酸，并用732树脂交换，洗脱液再用301阴离子树脂交换得苹果酸清液。最后经减压浓缩、冷却结晶、重结晶得成品。

海关

海关编码	2918990090
中文概述	2918990090. 其他含其他附加含氧基羧酸（包括酸酐、酰卤化物、过氧化物和过氧酸及该税号的衍生物）. 增值税率:17.0%. 退税率:13.0%. 监管条件:无. 最惠国关税:6.5%. 普通关税:30.0%
申报要素	品名, 成分含量, 用途
Summary	2918990090. other carboxylic acids with additional oxygen function and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:30.0%