青霉素

青霉素用途

青霉素G是一种有效的青霉素抑制剂。青霉素G可用于细菌感染[1]。

青霉素作用

青霉素属窄谱的杀菌性抗生素，抗菌作用很强。青霉素对多种革兰阳性菌(包括链球菌、肺炎球菌、敏感的葡萄球菌和杆菌)、部分革兰阴性球菌(包括脑膜炎球菌、淋球菌)、螺旋体和放线菌有强大抗菌活性，对革兰阳性杆菌包括白喉杆菌、炭疽杆菌及革兰阳性厌氧杆菌，如破伤风杆菌、产气荚膜杆菌等敏感; 但对革兰阴性杆菌作用很弱，对结核杆菌、立克次体、病毒等无效。
青霉素是细菌繁殖期杀菌剂，主要通过干扰细菌细胞壁的合成而产生抗菌作用。它能抑制细菌细胞壁的基础成分黏肽的合成，造成细胞壁缺损，使水分渗入细菌胞浆，导致菌体肿胀、变形，最后裂解而死亡。由于革兰阳性菌的细胞壁黏肽含量较革兰阴性菌高，所以对前者作用较强。人和动物的细胞没有细胞壁，所以青霉素对其几乎无毒性。
临床上主要用于革兰阳性菌引起的各种感染，如败血症、肺炎、肾炎、乳腺炎、子宫内膜炎、创伤感染、猪丹毒、猪淋巴结肿胀、兔和禽葡萄球菌病、链球菌病、炭疽、恶性水肿、气肿疽、马腺疫等。青霉素也可用于治疗放线菌及钩瑞螺旋体病。青霉素还可局部应用，如乳管内、子宫内及关节腔内注入，以治疗乳房炎、子宫内膜炎及关节炎等。另外，我国有人与链霉素合用，注射产后亲鱼，防治继发性感染。青霉素也用于治疗肠球菌感染性心包炎、梭状芽胞杆菌所致的破伤风和气性坏疽、流行性脑脊髓炎、李氏杆菌病等。在手术或术后，为了预防炎症的发生，青霉素也作为首选药物。
本品不耐酸，也不耐酶，不宜内服给药。在水溶液中稳定性差，降解迅速，禽病防治一般不宜采用自由混饮给药，但可采用“口渴法”混饮给药，用于肠道局部感染，如坏死性肠炎、溃疡性肠炎，球虫病以及病毒性疾病的继发细菌感染。
青霉素属窄谱的杀菌性抗生素，抗菌作用很强。青霉素对多种革兰阳性菌(包括链球菌、肺炎球菌、敏感的葡萄球菌和杆菌)、部分革兰阴性球菌(包括脑膜炎球菌、淋球菌)、螺旋体和放线菌有强大抗菌活性，对革兰阳性杆菌包括白喉杆菌、炭疽杆菌及革兰阳性厌氧杆菌，如破伤风杆菌、产气荚膜杆菌等敏感; 但对革兰阴性杆菌作用很弱，对结核杆菌、立克次体、病毒等无效。
青霉素是细菌繁殖期杀菌剂，主要通过干扰细菌细胞壁的合成而产生抗菌作用。它能抑制细菌细胞壁的基础成分黏肽的合成，造成细胞壁缺损，使水分渗入细菌胞浆，导致菌体肿胀、变形，最后裂解而死亡。由于革兰阳性菌的细胞壁黏肽含量较革兰阴性菌高，所以对前者作用较强。人和动物的细胞没有细胞壁，所以青霉素对其几乎无毒性。
临床上主要用于革兰阳性菌引起的各种感染，如败血症、肺炎、肾炎、乳腺炎、子宫内膜炎、创伤感染、猪丹毒、猪淋巴结肿胀、兔和禽葡萄球菌病、链球菌病、炭疽、恶性水肿、气肿疽、马腺疫等。青霉素也可用于治疗放线菌及钩瑞螺旋体病。青霉素还可局部应用，如乳管内、子宫内及关节腔内注入，以治疗乳房炎、子宫内膜炎及关节炎等。另外，我国有人与链霉素合用，注射产后亲鱼，防治继发性感染。青霉素也用于治疗肠球菌感染性心包炎、梭状芽胞杆菌所致的破伤风和气性坏疽、流行性脑脊髓炎、李氏杆菌病等。在手术或术后，为了预防炎症的发生，青霉素也作为首选药物。
本品不耐酸，也不耐酶，不宜内服给药。在水溶液中稳定性差，降解迅速，禽病防治一般不宜采用自由混饮给药，但可采用“口渴法”混饮给药，用于肠道局部感染，如坏死性肠炎、溃疡性肠炎，球虫病以及病毒性疾病的继发细菌感染。

青霉素名称

[ CAS 号 ]:
61-33-6

[ 中文名 ]:
青霉素

[ 英文名 ]:
Penicillin-G

[中文别名 ]:

盘尼西林

[英文别名 ]:

penicillin, benzyl-
cilloral
MFCD00036193
benzyl penicillin
cosmopen
dropcillin
cilopen
abbocillin
Penicillinic acid, benzyl-
galofak

青霉素生物活性

[ 描述 ]:

青霉素G是一种有效的青霉素抑制剂。青霉素G可用于细菌感染[1]。

[ 相关类别 ]:

研究领域 >> 感染

[参考文献]

[1]. Li D, et al. Determination of penicillin G and its degradation products in a penicillin production wastewater treatment plant and the receiving river. Water Res. 2008 Jan;42(1-2):307-17.

青霉素物理化学性质

[ 密度 ]:
1.4±0.1 g/cm3

[ 沸点 ]:
663.3±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ 分子式 ]:
C₁₆H₁₈N₂O₄S

[ 分子量 ]:
334.390

[ 闪点 ]:
355.0±31.5 °C

[ 精确质量 ]:
334.098724

[ PSA ]:
112.01000

[ LogP ]:
1.67

[ 外观性状 ]:
powder

[ 蒸汽压 ]:
0.0±2.1 mmHg at 25°C

[ 折射率 ]:
1.655

[ 储存条件 ]:
通风低温干燥

[ 水溶解性 ]:
H2O: 100 mg/mL

青霉素毒性和生态

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: XH9400000

CHEMICAL NAME :: 4-Thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6- (2-phenylacetamido)-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 61-33-6

BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :: 0044740

LAST UPDATED :: 199612

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 24

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C16-H18-N2-O4-S

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 334.42

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: T45 ANV ESTJ CMV1R& F F GVQ

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Parenteral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - child

DOSE/DURATION :: 15000 units/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Sense Organs and Special Senses (Ear) - changes in cochlear structure or function Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 8 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Unreported

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 9 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: >5 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 3500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 329 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intracerebral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 5700 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Unreported

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 7800 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intracerebral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 1118 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Unreported

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 4940 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intracerebral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 653 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Unreported

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :: 38 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - hamster

DOSE/DURATION :: 24 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - food intake (animal) Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - hamster

DOSE/DURATION :: 96 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - food intake (animal) Gastrointestinal - hypermotility, diarrhea

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 104 ku/kg/4D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Blood - changes in other cell count (unspecified) Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - dehydrogenases

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intramuscular

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 750 units/kg/5D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Immunological Including Allergic - decrease in humoral immune response Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - phosphatases

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 2600 mg/kg/65W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Tumorigenic - tumors at site of application

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified

TEST SYSTEM :: Microorganism - not otherwise specified

DOSE/DURATION :: 20 ug/L

REFERENCE :: AMACCQ Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. (American Soc. for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,572,1980 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-RUSSIA:STEL 0.1 mg/m3 JAN 1993 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X3134 No. of Facilities: 151 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 5 No. of Employees: 2695 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1750 (estimated)

青霉素安全信息

[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
Xn

[ 风险声明 (欧洲) ]:
R42/43

[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S36/37

[ WGK德国 ]:
2

[ RTECS号 ]:
XH9700000

[ 海关编码 ]:
32041900

青霉素合成路线

详细合成路线

青霉素上下游产品

青霉素上游产品

青霉素下游产品

青霉素海关

[ 海关编码 ]: 32041900

青霉素