Apratastat is an orally active, potent, and reversible dual inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) . Apratastat can potently inhibit the release of TNF-α in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo with IC50s of 144 ng/mL in vitro and 81.7 ng/mL ex vivo, respectively[1].
DRI-C21045 (compound 10) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the CD40-CD40L costimulatory protein-protein interaction (PPI) with an IC50 of 0.17 µM. DRI-C21045 shows concentration-dependent inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and B cell proliferation all induced by CD40L with IC50s of 17.1 µM and 4.5 µM, respectively[1].
N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP; N-Formyl-MLF) is a chemotactic peptide and a specific ligand of N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR). N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Ph is reported to inhibit TNF-alpha secretion.
Lenalidomide hydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of TNF-α and has antiangiogenic effect. Lenalidomide functions as a protein homeostatic modulator (PHM) linking casein kinase 1A1 (CKIα) to the human E3 ligase cereblon.
Etanercept (Enbrel) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor used for treating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and plaque psoriasis.
LY303511 is a structural analogue of LY294002. LY303511 does not inhibit PI3K. LY303511 enhances TRAIL sensitivity of SHEP-1 neuroblastoma cells. LY303511 reversibly blocks K+ currents (IC50=64.6±9.1 μM) in MIN6 insulinoma cells.
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid.
SPD304 is a selective inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and promotes dissociation of TNF trimers and therefore blocks the interaction of TNF and its receptor, with an IC50 of 22 µM for inhibiting in vitro TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) binding to TNF-α[1][2]. SPD304 cannot be used in vivo due to its high toxicity[3].
Homoplantaginin is a flavonoid from a traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Homoplantaginin could inhibit TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression, IKKβ and NF-κB phosphorylation.
Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.
Necrostatin 2 is a potent necroptosis inhibitor with EC50 of 50 nM.IC50 Value: 50 nM (EC50) [1]Target: TNF-alphaNecrostatin 2 is a potent in vitro necroptosis inhibitors (exemplified by 1, EC50-0.05 uM) that also were efficacious in an animal model of ischemic stroke. Many Necroptosis inhibitor derivatives are designed for researchers.Necroptosis is a regulated caspase-independent cell death mechanism that results in morphological features resembling necrosis. It can be induced in a FADD-deficient variant of human Jurkat T cells treated with TNF-a. 5-(1H-Indol-3-ylmethyl)-2-thiohydantoins and 5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)hydantoins were found to be potent necroptosis inhibitors (called necrostatins).
R-7050 is a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) antagonist with greater selectivity toward TNFα.
Verproside, a catalpol derivative iridoid glycoside isolated from the genus Pseudolysimachion, represses TNF-α -induced MUC5AC expression by inhibiting NF-κB activation via the IKK/IκB signaling cascade. Verproside has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antinociceptive activities and ir is a potent anti-asthmatic/COPD drug candidate in vivo[1].
Dexanabinol (HU-211) is an artificially synthesized cannabinoid derivative and lacks cannabimimetic effects. Dexanabinol exhibits not only the antioxidant and neuroprotective activities in brain but also anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB and decreasing cytokines such as TNFα and interleukin-6, which could ensure the integrity of BBB and reduce cell apoptosis and death. Dexanabinol is widely used in head injury or stroke treatment and has been shown to be safe in animals and humans[1].
Hispidol ((Z)-Hispidol) is a potential therapeutic for inflammatory bowel disease; inhibits TNF-α induced adhesion of monocytes to colon epithelial cells with an IC50 of 0.50 µM.
7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin (5-Hydroxy-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavone) is a flavonoid from the herb Lippia nodiflora L. (Verbenaceae) which has been documented to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antitussive, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimelanogenesis properties. 7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin obviously reduces the prodn of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in a concentration-dependent manner. 7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin significantly induces reduction in the mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, representing that inhibition occurs at the transcriptional level[1].
Ginsenoside Rh1 is isolated from the root of Panax Ginseng. Ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits the expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β.
Forsythoside B is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the leaves of Lamiophlomis rotata Kudo, a Chinese folk medicinal plant for treating inflammatory diseases and promoting blood circulation. Forsythoside B could inhibit TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and modulate NF-κB.
Fisetin is a natural flavonol found in many fruits and vegetables with various benefits, such as antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotection effects.
Necrostatin 2 is a potent necroptosis inhibitor. EC50 for inhibition of necroptosis in FADD-deficient Jurkat T cells treated with TNF-α is 0.05 μM.
Necrostatin 2 is a potent necroptosis inhibitor with EC50 of 50 nM.IC50 Value: 50 nM (EC50) [1]Target: TNF-alphaNecrostatin 2 is a potent in vitro necroptosis inhibitors (exemplified by 1, EC50-0.05 uM) that also were efficacious in an animal model of ischemic stroke. Many Necroptosis inhibitor derivatives are designed for researchers.Necroptosis is a regulated caspase-independent cell death mechanism that results in morphological features resembling necrosis. It can be induced in a FADD-deficient variant of human Jurkat T cells treated with TNF-a. 5-(1H-Indol-3-ylmethyl)-2-thiohydantoins and 5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)hydantoins were found to be potent necroptosis inhibitors (called necrostatins).