Arctiin(NSC 315527), a plant lignan that can be extracted from the Arctium lappa (burdock) seeds, is a possible environmental endocrine disruptor compounds and have been shown to influence sex hormone metabolism as well as protein synthesis, steroid biosynthesis. IC50 Value:Target: Othersin vitro: Treatment of PC-3 cells with arctiin decreased the cell number in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in serum-containing condition. Arctiin preferentially induced cell detachment, but did not have anti-proliferation or cytotoxic effects in PC-3 cells. The arctiin-induced effect was inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating that protein synthesis was required [1]. Although arctiin, the active component of AL that has been described in the literature, was not able to reduce degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells, a single high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fraction from the AL extract inhibited beta-hexosaminidase release (IC(50) = 22.2 microg/ml) [2]. The growth inhibition caused by arctiin is associated with the down-regulation of cyclin D1 protein expression. Furthermore, thearctiin-induced suppression of cyclin D1 protein expression occurs in various types of human tumor cells, including osteosarcoma, lung, colorectal, cervical and breast cancer, melanoma, transformed renal cells and prostate cancer. Depletion of the cyclin D1 protein using small interfering RNA-rendered human breast cancer MCF-7 cells insensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of arctiin, implicates cyclin D1 as an important target of arctiin [6]. in vivo: Histopathological evaluation of prostate revealed that all the rats in any group developed adenocarcinoma in dorsolateral lobe of prostate, except two rats in 0.1% arctiin treated and one rat in 0.002% arctiin treated groups without prostate adenocarcinoma development [3]. After oral administration of arctiin (30, 60, 120 mg/kgd) for three weeks, the levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and 24-h urine protein content markedly decreased, while endogenous creatinine clearance rate (ECcr) significantly increased [4]. STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated witharctiin at the dosage of 60 or 40 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks. Blood glucose and 24-h urinary albumin content were measured, and kidney histopathological changes were monitored [5].
6-Methylcoumarin is a synthetic fragrance widely used in cosmetics.
Coumarin is the primary bioactive ingredient in Radix Glehniae, named Beishashen in China, which possesses many pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammation and antivirus activities.
S-(+)-Marmesin is a natural coumarin, exhibiting COX-2/5-LOX dual inhibitory activity.
Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.
Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in coffee and tea. It plays several important and therapeutic roles such as antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension.
Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively.
Schisandrin has various therapeutic effects on a range of medical conditions such as anti-asthmatic, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: Sch inhibited the pro-fibrotic activity of TGF-β1 in AML12 cells; thus, it suppressed the accumulation of ECM proteins. Also, Sch inhibited the EMT as assessed by reduced expression of vimentin and fibronectin, and increased E-cadherin and ZO-1 in TGF-β1 induced AML12 cells. Sch reduced TGF-β1-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and Smad3/4 DNA binding activity. On the other hand, Sch reduced TGF-β1-induced ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt phosphorylation in the non-Smad pathway [1]. the anti-inflammatory properties of schisandrin result from the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, which in turn results from the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities in a RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line [2].
Arctigenin is a lignan found in certain plants of the Asteraceae; it has shown antiviral and anticancer effects in glass; it is the aglycone of arctiin.IC50 value: Target: anticancer agentArctiin and its aglucone, arctigenin from the fruits of Arctium lappa L. showed potent in vitro antiviral activities against influenza A virus (A/NWS/33, H1N1) (IFV). Based on the data from time-of-addition experiments and on release tests of progeny viruses, arctigenin was assumed to interfere with early event(s) of viral replication after viral penetration into cells, and to suppress the release of progeny viruses from the host cells [1]. arctigenin treatment reduced viability of bladder cancer T24 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner after treatment with arctigenin (10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 μmol/L) for 24 hr and 48 hr. Arctigenin treatment clearly arrested tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. At the molecular level, arctigenin treatment decreased cyclin D1 expression, whereas CDK4 and CDK6 expression levels were unaffected. Moreover, arctigenin selectively altered the phosphorylation of members of the MAPK superfamily, decreasing phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and activated phosphorylation of p38 significantly in a dose-dependent manner [2]. The use of arctigenin has been shown to be effective in a mouse model of Japanese encephalitis [3].
Psoralen(Furocoumarin) is an active ingredient from Fructus Psoraleae; has anticancer activity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: Psoralen dosages of 1-10 μM exhibited low cytotoxicity toward chondrocytes. However, a dosage of 100 μM suppressed the proliferation of chondrocytes. Different concentrations of psoralen treatments on chondrocytes revealed that GAG and Type II collagen synthesis increased, especially at 100 μM, by 0.39-fold and 0.48-fold, respectively, on day 3, and by 0.51-fold and 0.56-fold, respectively, on day 9 [1]. in vivo: Tumor volume inhibition rates were 43.75% and 40.18%, respectively, in the psoralen and isopsoralen low-dose groups, and tumor weight inhibition rates were 38.83% and 37.77%. Tumor volume inhibition rates were 67.86% and 66.96%, respectively, in the psoralen and isopsoralen high-dose groups, and tumor weight inhibition rates were 49.47% and 47.87% [2]. psoralen can inhibit metastasis of breast cancer to bone in vivo. Histological, molecular biological, and imaging analyses revealed that psoralen inhibits bone metastases in mice [3].
Schisandrol B is one of its major active constituents of traditional hepato-protective Chinese medicine, Schisandra sphenanthera.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: SolB pretreatment significantly attenuated the increases in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity, and prevented elevated hepatic malondialdehyde formation and the depletion of mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) in a dose-dependent manner. SolB also dramatically altered APAP metabolic activation by inhibiting the activities of CYP2E1 and CYP3A11, which was evidenced by significant inhibition of the formation of the oxidized APAP metabolite NAPQI-GSH [1]. SolB abrogated APAP-induced activation of p53 and p21, and increased expression of liver regeneration and antiapoptotic-related proteins such as cyclin D1 (CCND1), PCNA, and BCL-2.
Coumestrol, a phytoestrogen present in soybean products, exhibits activities against cancers, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It suppresses proliferation of ES2 cells with an IC50 of 50 μM.
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a plant lignan isolated from flaxseed, an antagonist of platelet activating factor-receptor, and used as an antioxidant.
Schisantherin B is a natural product.
Macelignan(Anwuligan) is a natural compound isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt; possesses therapeutic potentials against neurodegenerative diseases with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Macelignan significantly attenuated the ROS production and neurotoxicity induced by glutamate in HT22 cell [1]. At 24 h of biofilm growth, S. mutans, A. viscosus and S. sanguis biofilms were reduced by up to 30%, 30% and 38%, respectively, after treatment with 10 microg/mL macelignan for 5 min [2]. Cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 (JNK1/2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) was abrogated by pretreatment with macelignan, however, that of p38 was not significantly affected [3].in vivo: Macelignan attenuated the expression of phosphorylated c-Jun in cisplatin-treated mice [3]. Daily administration of macelignan reduced the spatial memory impairments induced by the chronic LPS infusions [4].
Isoacteoside is a natural compound which exhibit significant inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation with IC50 values of 4.6-25.7 μM, compared with those of aminoguanidine (IC50=1,056 μM) and quercetin (IC50=28.4 μM) as positive controls.IC50 value:Target:In the rat lens aldose reductase assay, acteoside, isoacteoside, and poliumoside exhibited greater inhibitory effects on rat lens aldose reductase with IC50 values of 0.83, 0.83, and 0.85 μM, respectively, than those of the positive controls, 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid (IC50=4.03 μM) and quercetin (IC50=7.2 μM).
Magnolin, a major component of Magnolia flos (Shin-Yi), inhibits the Ras/ERKs/RSK2 signaling axis by targeting the active pocket of ERK1 and ERK2 with IC50s of 87 nM and 16.5 nM, respectively.
Dicoumarol is an inhibitor of both NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and PDK1 with IC50s of 0.37 and 19.42 μM, respectively.
BergaptolA hydroxylated psoralen that acts as a potent inhibitors of debenzylation activity of CYP3A4 enzyme with an IC50 value of 24.92 uM. Recent studies suggest that it may have antiproliferative and anticancer properties.target: CYP3A4 [1]IC50: 24.92 [1]For in vivo enzyme activity analysis, 100 μM bergaptol was added to the cultures for an additional 24 h at 37°C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was used to measure the bergapten yield by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).[2]
Tubuloside A is a phenylethanoid glycoside with antioxidative effect and hepatoprotective activity.
Xanthotoxol is a biologically active linear furocoumarin, shows strong pharmacological activities as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, 5-HT antagonistic, and neuroprotective effects.
trans-Cinnamic acid is a natural antimicrobial, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 μg/mL against fish pathogen A. sobria, SY-AS1[1].
Danshensu, an active ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza, shows wide cardiovascular benefit by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent isolated from bergamot essential oil, other citrus essential oils and grapefruit juice. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.
Bergamottin is a potent and competitive CYP1A1 inhibitor with a Ki of 10.703 nM.
Cryptochlorogenic acid is a natural product.
4-O-Methyl honokiol is a natural neolignan isolated from Magnolia officinalis, acts as a PPARγ agonist, and inhibtis NF-κB activity, used for cancer and inflammation research.
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 25.8 μM; is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic drug.
Osthole is a natural antihistamine alternative. Osthole may be a potential inhibitor of histamine H1 receptor activity.
Columbianadin, a natural coumarin from, is known to have various biological activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.