Psoralidin, a natural furanocoumarin, is isolated from Psoralea corylifolia L. possessing anti-cancer properties.IC50 value:Target: Anticancer natural compoundin vitro: PSO dramatically decreased the cell viabilities in dose- and time-dependent manner. Autophagy inhibitor 3-MA blocked the production of LC3-II and reduced the cytotoxicity in response to PSO. Furthermore, PSO increased intracellular ROS level which was correlated to the elevation of LC3-II [1]. Psoralidin at 10 μM was able to induce the maximum reporter gene expression corresponding to that of E2-treated cells and such activation of the ERE-reporter gene by psoralidin was completely abolished by the cotreatment of a pure ER antagonist, implying that the biological activities of psoralidin are mediated by ER [2]. Psoralidin enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells through increased expression of TRAIL-R2 death receptor and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential [3]. Psoralidin inhibited the IR-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production through regulation of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathway. Also, psoralidin blocked IR-induced LTB(4) production, and it was due to direct interaction of psoralidin and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) in 5-LOX pathway. IR-induced fibroblast migration was notably attenuated in the presence of psoralidin [4].in vivo: Moreover, in vivo results from mouse lung indicate that psoralidin suppresses IR-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-1 α/β) and ICAM-1[4].
Schisandrin A inhibits CYP3A activity with an IC50 of 6.60 μM and Ki of 5.83 μM, respectively.
Schisandrin C is a phytochemical lignan isolated from Schizandra chinensis Baill; shows anticancer-effects in human leukemia U937 cells.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Schisandrin C inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, which was associated with the induction of G1 arrest of the cell cycle and apoptosis. Schisandrin C induced G1 arrest was correlated with down-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 4 and E2Fs expression, inhibition of phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB), and up-regulation of the Cdk inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1). In addition, schisandrin C-induced apoptosis was associated with down-regulation of expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, proteolytic activation of caspase-3 and -9, and a concomitant degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Furthermore, schisandrin C-induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited by a caspase-3 specific inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk [1]. Schisandrin C was found to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production from LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Pre-treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with gomisin J, gomisin N, or schisandrin C reduced the expression of mRNA and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [2].
seco-Isolariciresinol Diglucoside, a synthetic lignin, which is derived from the natural plant flaxseed. seco-Isolariciresinol Diglucoside reduces asbestos-induced NLRP3 expression, and NF-κB activation in macrophages (MF). seco-Isolariciresinol Diglucoside also activates Nrf2.
3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a reference substance of a common phytochemical found in Echinacea (Echinacea sp.); dietary supplement, herb, or plant testing applications with this reference material include material characterization, adulterant identification, or method validation.
Bergenin, a polyphenol, is a potent antinarcotic agent with antioxidant action. IC50 value: < 2.5 μM (antiplasmodial) [3]Target:In vitro: The naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptom (jumping frequency) was significantly ameliorated (50% of control group) by administration of bergenin (20 mg/kg) in morphine-treated mice. Furthermore, morphine-induced down-regulation of glutathione (GSH) contents was reversed by bergenin administration in the frontal cortex and liver [2].In vivo: Bergenin attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and decreased the concentration of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which were increased in LPS-induced mouse mastitis [1].
Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).
Magnolol, a natural lignan isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, is a dual agonist of both RXRα and PPARγ, with EC50 values of 10.4 µM and 17.7 µM, respectively.
3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid (O-Methylferulic acid) is a monomer extracted and purified from Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid exerts anti-apoptotic effects on L-02 cells via the ROS-mediated signaling pathway[1]. Anti-apoptotic effects[1].
Danshensu (sodium salt) is odium salt of danshensu from the widely used Chinese herb Danshen. It can inhibited phenylephrine- and CaCl2-induced vasoconstriction in Ca2+-free medium.In vitro: Sodium danshensu showed a biphasic effects on vessel tension. While low dosage of sodium danshensu produced small contraction possibly through transient enhancement of Ca2+ influx, high dosage produced significant vasodilation mainly through promoting the opening of non-selective K+ channels and small-conductance calcium-sensitive K+ channels in the vascular smooth muscle cells.[1]In vivo: Danshensu did not change the expression of AGEs but partly blocked the increased expression of RAGE in the hippocampus of diabetic mice. Danshensu could ameliorate the cognitive decline in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by attenuating advanced glycation end product-mediated neuroinflammation.[2]
Imperatorin is an effective of NO synthesis inhibitor (IC50=9.2 μmol), which also is a BChE inhibitor (IC50=31.4 μmol). Imperatorin is a weak agonist of TRPV1 with EC50 of 12.6±3.2 μM.
Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
Isoimperatorin is a methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica dahurica shows significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the IC50 of 74.6 μM.
Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt and enhances the phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2.
3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a natural phenolic acid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities .
p-Coumaric acid is the abundant isomer of cinnamic acid which has antitumor and anti-mutagenic activities.
4-Methylumbelliferone is a hyaluronic acid biosynthesis inhibitor with antitumoral and antimetastatic effects.