CHPG sodium salt is a selective mGluR5 agonist, and attenuates SO2-induced oxidative stress and inflammation through TSG-6/NF-κB pathway in BV2 microglial cells[1]. CHPG sodium salt protects against traumatic brain injury (TBI) in vitro and in vivo by activation of the ERK and Akt signaling pathways.[2].
Fenobam is a selective, orally active, and non-competitive mGluR5 antagonist acting at an allosteric modulatory site (Kd values are 54 and 31 nM for rat and human recombinant mGlu5 receptors, respectively). Fenobam displays inverse agonist activity which blocks the mGlu5 receptor basal activity with an IC50 of 84 nM. Fenobam exerts anxiolytic activity[1][2].
L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (Monosodium glutamate) is an activator of mGlu1 receptor.
Ro 67-4853 is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGluR1 (pEC50=7.16 for rmGlu1a receptor). Ro67-4853 exhibits activity at all group I mGlu receptors including hmGlu1, rmGlu1, and rmGlu5. Ro 67-4853 enhances the potency of L-Glu by interacting with the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the receptor. Ro 67-4853 potentiates sensory synaptic responses to repetitive vibrissa stimulation[1][2][3][4].
Raseglurant hydrochloride is a negative allosteric modulator of mGluR5. Raseglurant hydrochloride can be used in study migraine[1].
(S)-MCPG is the active isomer of (RS)-MCPG (Cat. No. HY-100371), non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist. In vivo: (S)-MCPG (20.8 μg) injected intraventricularly (i.c.v.) before testing impaired the performance of rats in the spatial version of the Morris water maze, but 1/10 of this dose did not. Memory retention, evaluated 24 hr post-training, is also affected by the high dose of MCPG.
VU6001376 is a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4 PAM) with an EC50 of 50.1 nM[1].
Pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023 hydrate) is an oral methionine prodrug of the potent specific mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY404039 (HY-50906). Pomaglumetad methionil is well-tolerated and has a distinct safety profile, and can be used to treat schizophrenia[1][2].
VU0155041 is a potent, selective and mixed allosteric agonist/positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGluR4, with EC50s of 798 nM and 693 nM for human and rat mGluR4, respectively. VU0155041 is a partial agonist of mGluR4 that activates the receptor by interacting with a site that is distinct from the glutamate binding site[1].
LSP4–2022 is a novel potent, selective, brain-penetrant mGluR4 agonist with EC50 of 0.11 uM in cell-based assays; displays >100-fold selectivity over mGlu7 and mGlu8 (IC50=11.6 and 29.2 uM), no activity at the group I and -II mGlu receptors (EC50>100 uM); inhibits neurotransmission in cerebellar slices from mice, and possesses antiparkinsonian properties in a haloperidol-induced catalepsy test.
mGlu4 receptor agonist 1 (compound 62) is a potent mGlu4 receptor positive allosteric modulator, with an EC50 of 308 nM. mGlu4 receptor agonist 1 shows significant anxiolytic- and antipsychotic-like effect[1].
mGluR3 modulator-1 (compound 3) is a mGluR3 modulator, with an EC50 of 1-10 μM in HEK293T-mGluR-Gqi5 Calcium Mobilization Assay[1].
VU0424238 is a novel and selective mGlu5 antagonist with an IC50 value of 11 nM (rat) and an IC50 value of 14 nM (human). VU0424238 has an acceptable CNS penetration[1].
L-Glutamine-5-13C (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide-5-13C) is the 13C-labeled L-Glutamine. L-Glutamine (L-Glutamic acid 5-amide) is a non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes. L-Glutamine provides a source of carbons for oxidation in some cells[1][2].
CPCCOEt is a low affinity, selective, non-competitive and reversible antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1b (mGluR1b)[1][2].
Quisqualic acid (L-Quisqualic acid), a natural analog of glutamate, is a potent and pan two subsets (iGluR and mGluR) of excitatory amino acid (EAA) agonist with an EC50 of 45 nM and a Ki of 10 nM for mGluR1R. Quisqualic acid is isolated from the fruits of Quisqualis chinensis[1][2].
SIB-1757 is a highly selective and noncompetitive antagonist of mGlu5 receptor with an IC50 of 0.4 μM[1].
(RS)-PPG is a potent and selective agonist for group III mGluRs. The EC50s of 5.2 μM, 4.7 μM, 185 μM, and 0.2 μM for hmGluR4a, hmGluR6, hmGluR7b, and hmGluR8a, respectively. Anticonvulsive and neuroprotective activity[1].
AMN082 free base, a selective, orally active, and brain penetrant mGluR7 agonist, directly activates receptor signaling via an allosteric site in the transmembrane domain. AMN082 free base potently inhibits cAMP accumulation and stimulates GTPγS binding (EC50 values, 64-290 nM) at transfected mammalian cells expressing mGluR7. AMN082 free base shows selectivity over other mGluR subtypes and selected ionotropic glutamate receptors. Antidepressant effects[1][2].
β-Spaglumic acid (β-NAAG) is a competitive NAAG peptidase inhibitor (Ki=1 µM) that protects spinal cord neurons from excitotoxicity and hypoxic damage. β-Spaglumic acid is also a selective mGluR3 antagonist (mGluR3 receptor functions to regulate activity-dependent synaptic potentiation in the hippocampus). β-Spaglumic acid can be used in neuroprotection-related studies[1][2].
ADX71743 is a highly selective, noncompetitive and brain-penetrant metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 negative allosteric modulator (mGlu7 NAM). ADX71743 has anxiolytic-like activity[1][2].
A potent and selective, CNS penetrant mGlu2 negative allosteric modulator with IC50 of 78 nM; shows no inhibition for mGlu3 (IC50>30 uM); represents an exciting lead series for potential mGlu2 PET tracer development.
ML289 (VU0463597) is a potent, selective, and CNS-penetrant mGlu3 (IC50=0.66 μM) negative allosteric modulator. ML289 displays >15-fold selectivity over mGlu2 and is inactive against mGlu5[1].
FP0429 is a full mGlu4 agonist and partial mGlu8 agonist with EC50 values of 48.3 μM and 56.2 μM, respectively[1].
LY354740 is a highly potent and selective group II (mGlu2/3) receptor agonist with IC50s of 5 and 24 nM on transfected human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors, respectively.
MTPG is a potent mGluR2 and mGluR3 antagonist. MTPG can block the induction of brain ischemic tolerance induced by cerebral ischemic preconditioning. MTPG also significantly attenuates the inhibitory effect of L-CCG-1 on the KCl-evoked dopamine release[1].
MPPG is a potent and selective L-AP4-sensitive receptor antagonist with an kD value of 9.2 μM, being tested on the neonatal rat spinal cord[1].
(S)-3,5-DHPG is a weak, but selective group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) agonist with Ki values of 0.9 µM and 3.9 µM for mGluR1a and mGluR5a, respectively[1]. (S)-3,5-DHPG exhibits anxiolytic activity in rats subjected to hypoxia[2].
LY3027788 hydrochloride, a diester analog of LY3020371 which is an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, is a potent and orally active prodrug of LY3020371. LY3027788 hydrochloride has antidepressant efficacy[1][2].
(-)-Camphoric acid is the less active enantiomer of Camphoric acid. Camphoric acid stimulates osteoblast differentiation and induces glutamate receptor expression. Camphoric acid also significantly induced the activation of NF-κB and AP-1[1].