OR-1896 is an active long-lived metabolite of Levosimendan. OR-1896 is a highly selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) III isoform inhibitor and a powerful vasodilator. OR-1896 can open ATP-sensitive K+ channels and has Ca2+-sensitizing effect. OR-1896 mitigates cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac remodeling and myocardial inflammation[1].
Tetraethylammonium chloride is a non-selective potassium channel blocker. Tetraethylammonium chloride is a good substrate for organic cation transporter (OCTN1). Tetraethylammonium chloride antitumor properties[1][2].
Myomodulin is a neuropeptide present in molluscs, insects, and gastropods.
NS-8, a pyrrole derivative, activates the Ca2+-sensitive k+-channel. NS-8 can suppress the micturition reflex by decreasing afferent pelvic nerve activity. NS-8 can be used in the research of urinary frequency and incontinence[1].
N-Acetylprocainamide is a class III antiarrhythmic, which blocks K+ channels.
Disopyramide phosphate is a class IA antiarrhythmic drug with efficacy in ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. Disopyramide phosphate blocks the fast inward sodium current of cardiac muscle and prolongs the duration of cardiac action potentials. Disopyramide phosphate inhibits HERG encoded potassium channels. Disopyramide phosphate also exhibits complex protein binding, and has a potent negative inotropic action[1][2][3].
Dihydroberberine inhibits human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channels and remarkably reduces heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) expression and its interaction with hERG. Dihydroberberine has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic and antitumor activities[1].
A potent, selective peptide inhibitor of hERG channel with IC50 of 3.3 nM for hERG1 channels; displays no effect at 100 nM on hEAG, hSK1, rSK2, hIK, hBK, KCNQ1/KCNE1, KCNQ2/KCNQ3, KCNQ4 channels, and minimal effect on rELK1; prolongs QTc intervals significantly and concentration-dependently (4.7 and 16.3% at 10 and 100 nM, respectively).
Flupirtine(D 9998) is a selective neuronal potassium channel opener that also has NMDA receptor antagonist properties.IC50 Value: Target: Potassium channel; NMDA receptorin vitro: High concentrations of flupirtine antagonized inward currents to NMDA(200 microM) at -70 mV with an lC50 against steady-state responses of 182.1+/-12.1 microM. The effects of flupirtine were voltage-independent and not associated with receptor desensitization making actions within the NMDA receptor channel or at the glycine modulatory site unlikely. NMDA receptor antagonism probably has little relevance for the clinical efficacy of flupirtine as the concentrations needed were far higher than those achieved in clinical practice. However, the activation of a G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K+ channel was identified as an interesting molecular target site of flupirtine. In the next stage, the central nervous spectrum of action of experimental K+ channel openers (PCO) was considered. As far as they have been studied, experimental K+ channel openers display a spectrum of action comparable to that of flupirtine [1]. Therapeutic flupirtine concentrations (≤10 ?M) did not affect voltage-gated Na(+) or Ca(2+) channels, inward rectifier K(+) channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, glycine or ionotropic glutamate receptors. Flupirtine shifted the gating of K(V)7 K(+) channels to more negative potentials and the gating of GABA(A) receptors to lower GABA concentrations [2]. Cell exposure to flupirtine decreased the amplitude of delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(K(DR))) with a concomitant raise in current inactivation in NSC-34 neuronal cells [4].in vivo: Rats were trained to discriminate the novel analgesic flupirtine (10.0 mg/kg i.p., 10 min) from no drug under a two-choice fixed-ratio 5 shock-termination schedule. Flupirtine yielded a dose-response curve with an ED50 of 3.87 mg/kg. The opioid analgesics pentazocine, codeine and tramadol failed to produce flupirtine appropriate responding. The opioid antagonist naltrexone did not antagonize the discriminative effects of flupirtine [3]. Both morphine (ED?? =?0.74?mg/kg) and flupirtine (ED???=?3.32?mg/kg) caused dose-related anti-hyperalgesia at doses that did not cause sedation [5]. Toxicity: Based on study-end data, hepatotoxicity was detected in 31% of patients receiving flupirtine for ≥ 6 weeks [6].
Vernakalant(RSD-1235) is an investigational mixed ion channel blocker that can terminate acute atrial fibrillation (AF) in humans at 2 to 5 mg/kg and may be more atrial-selective than available agents; in treatment of antiarrhythmic.IC50 value:Target:
Flecainide is a potent and orally active antiarrhythmic agent. Flecainide blocks the cardiac fast inward Na+ current (INa) and the rapid component of the delayed rectifier K+ current. Flecainide prolongs the action potential duration (APD) in ventricular and atrial muscle fibres. Flecainide has the potential for the research of fetal tachycardias[1][2][3].
PE 22-28 is a TREK-1 inhibitor with IC50 value of 0.12 nM. PE 22-28 also is a 7 amino-acid peptide that is used as a core sequence for preparing analogs by chemical modifications and also by substitution of amino-acids. PE 22-28 can be used for the research of depression[1].
Naluzotan is a novel, potent, and selective amidosulfonamide 5-HT1A agonist with IC50 and Ki of appr 20 nM and 5.1 nM, used for the treatment of anxiety and depression; Also a weak hERG K+ channel blocker, with IC50 of 3800 nM.
Patiromer is an orally active and potent hyperkalemia inhibitor and a nonabsorbed potassium binder. Patiromer polymer is bound with calcium which is released in the colon in exchange for binding potassium[1][2].
Indapamide is a non-thiazide sulphonamide diuretic compound, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure.Target: Potassium ChannelIndapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure. The US trade name for indapamide is Lozol. It is described as a thiazide-like diuretic. From WikipediaIndapamide evidently induces redistribution of the cardiac output, with enhanced muscle blood flow and reduced renal perfussion, and that AVP does not seem to be involved in blood pressure regulation in mild to moderate essential hypertension under basal conditions [1]. Indapamide SR provides an effective option for initial antihypertensive monotherapy and a basis for multidrug antihypertensive strategies[2] .
P-1075 is a potent activator of sulfonylurea receptor 2-associated ATP-sensitive potassium channels (SUR2-KIR6), with an EC50 value of 45 nM for SUR2B-KIR6 channel activation[1]. P-1075 also P1075 opens mitochondrial K(ATP) channels and generates reactive oxygen species resulting in cardioprotection of rabbit hearts[2].
(±)-Naringenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. (±)-Naringenin displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes[1].
TASK-1-IN-1 is a potent and selective TASK-1 (Potassium Channel) inhibitor with an IC50 of 148 nM. TASK-1-IN-1 shows a reduced inhibition of TASK-3 channels (IC50 of 1750 nM) and not a significant effect on other K+ channels. TASK-1-IN-1 has anticancer effects[1].
Quinine hemisulfate hydrate is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, acts as an anti-malaria agent. Quinine hemisulfate hydrate is a potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits WT mouse Slo3 (KCa5.1) channel currents evoked by voltage pulses to +100 mV with an IC50 of 169 μM[1][2].
SCH-23390 maleate (R-(+)-SCH-23390 maleate) is a potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist with Kis of 0.2 nM and 0.3 nM for the D1 and D5 receptor, respectively. SCH-23390 maleate is a potent and high efficacy human 5-HT2C receptor agonist with a Ki of 9.3 nM. SCH-23390 maleate also binds with high affinity to the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptors. SCH-23390 maleate inhibits G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels with an IC50 of 268 nM[1][2][3].
Sematilide (CK-1752) is a selective IKr channel blocker. Sematilide causes a concentration-dependent inhibition of the delayed rectifier K+ current (IC50=25 μM). Sematilide is a class III antiarrhythmic agent[1].
Pinacidil is a potent activator of potassium channel. Pinacidil is an antihypertensive agent which hyperpolarises vascular smooth muscle by opening K+-channels. Pinacidil significantly improves the reperfusion function and cardiac compliance. Pinacidil has direct cardioprotective efficacy[1].
P-CAB agent 1 (compound B19) is a highly potent potassium-competitive acid blocker agent with an IC50 value of 60.50 nM for H+/K+-ATPase. P-CAB agent 1 has acceptable oral absorption in rats. P-CAB agent 1 can be used for researching acid-related disorders (ARDs)[1].
Glibenclamide (Glyburide) potassium is a potassium salt of Glibenclamide (HY-15206). Glibenclamid potassium exists in anhydrous and hydrate forms, with higher solubility compared to pure Glibenclamide[1].
Dehydrosoyasaponin I (Soyasaponin Be;DHS-I), a triterpene glycoside, is a potent and reversible calcium-activated potassium (maxi-K) channels activator[1].
Icariside E4 is an antinociceptive agent, and can be isolated from Tabebuia roseo-alba. Icariside E4 has peripheral analgesic activity by ATP-sensitive K+ channel-dependent mechanisms. Icariside E4 also has anti-oxidant, anti-Alzheimer and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2].
GI-530159 is a selective, mechanosensitive opener of TREK1 (K2P2.1) and TREK2 (K2P10.1) channels, with an EC50 of 0.76 μM for TREK1. GI-530159 displays selectivity for TREK1/2 over TRAAK, TASK3 and other potassium channels. GI-530159 reduces rat dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability[1].
Terfenadine is a potent open-channel blocker of hERG with a mean IC50 of 204 nM.IC50 value: 204 nMTarget: HERGTerfenadine normally undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver to produce an active acidic metabolite. Terfenadine is a widely used, over-the-counter drug to treat allergies.
Minocycline is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
Docosahexaenoyl glycine is a PUFA analogue. Docosahexaenoyl glycine has activating effects on IKs?channels?and restore the function of IKs?channels with LQT1 mutation[1].