Cephalosporin

The cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics obtained by semi-synthesizing the side chains of natural cephalosporin C obtained by culture of C. oxysporum, and also belonging to β-lactam antibiotics. Also known as "Pioneermycin". It is a broad-spectrum semi-synthetic strong bactericidal antibiotic. According to the order of its invention and the difference in antibacterial ability, it is divided into one, two and three generations. Including cephalosporin I-VIII, cefathiam, cefadroxazole, cefadroxil, cefotaximethate and derivatives of cephalosporin and oxycarboxamide. [Antibacterial spectrum] (1) The first generation of cephalosporins mainly for β-hemolytic streptococcus and other streptococci, staphylococci (including enzyme producing strains), Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Chi Sensella and other sensitive. This type of antibiotic has weak resistance to Gram-negative bacteria β-lactamase, so Gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to drug resistance. (2) The antibacterial ability of the second-generation cephalosporin to Gram-positive bacteria is similar to that of the first generation or slightly lower than that of the first generation, and the performance of Gram-negative bacteria is excellent, which is manifested in: 1 Anti-enzyme ability Strong, some Gram-negative bacteria (such as E. coli) are susceptible to the first generation of cephalosporin, the second generation is often effective; 2 broad spectrum of antibacterial, the second generation is larger than the first generation of antibacterial spectrum, There are antibacterial effects of sputum, some sputum positive Proteus, some citrate and some Enterobacter. (3) The efficacy of the third-generation cephalosporins against Gram-positive bacteria is generally lower than that of the first generation, and the effect on Gram-negative is better than that of the second generation. The antibacterial spectrum is broader and the enzyme-resistant ability is stronger. [toxic side effects] (1) allergic reactions: can cause rash, asthma, angioedema, anaphylactic shock and so on. The anaphylactic shock of cephalosporins is similar to penicillin. Both types of drugs have varying degrees of cross-allergic reactions. In general, about 10% to 30% of those who are allergic to penicillin are allergic to cephalosporins, while those who are allergic to cephalosporins are allergic to penicillin. (2) Gastrointestinal reactions and dysbacteriosis: cephalosporins can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and other reactions. The second and third generation cephalosporins can strongly inhibit the intestinal flora, which can cause dysbacteriosis and severe infection. (3) Hepatotoxicity: Most cephalosporins cause high levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, etc. when applied in large doses. (4) Nephrotoxicity: Most cephalosporins are excreted by the kidneys, which may lead to elevated blood urea nitrogen, oliguria, and proteinuria. Combined with furosemide or aminoglycoside antibiotics, kidney damage is aggravated. (5) Coagulation dysfunction: cephalosporin inhibits the production of vitamin K in the intestinal flora, thus potentially bleeding