Endocrinology & Hormones

The endocrine system is an in vivo information transmission system composed of endocrine glands and endocrine cells scattered in certain tissues and organs. Hormones are high-potential bioactive substances secreted by endocrine glands or scattered endocrine cells, acting as informers. The endocrine glands mainly include the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, testis, ovary and adrenal gland. The hormones they secrete mainly regulate metabolism, blood pressure, loss of appetite, development and breeding and other physiological functions. Hormones can be broadly classified into two classes - peptide/amino acid-derived hormones and steroid hormones, most of which are derived from cholesterol. Peptide hormones generally bind to cell surface receptors and initiate a signal transduction cascade, while steroid hormones are transmembrane sex hormones that act on receptors involved in transcriptional regulation in cells. Major diseases caused by endocrine gland dysfunction include diabetes (pancreas), Graves' disease (thyroid), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (thyroid), and Addison's disease (adrenal gland). There are two main types of hormones, steroid hormones and peptide hormones. Steroid hormones mainly include female reproductive hormones (estrogen and progesterone) secreted by the ovaries, androgen hormones (androgens) and adrenal metabolic hormones (glucocorticoids and aldosterone) secreted by the testes. The adrenal glands of men and women also secrete traces of important androgen, which can be converted to estrogen by aromatase metabolism. Most hormones are transported by blood loads to distant target tissues or target cells. This method is called telecrine; some hormones can be transported without blood, and only by tissue fluids, acting on neighboring cells. The method is called paracrine; if the hormone secreted by endocrine cells returns to the endocrine cells and then acts as a feedback, this method is called autocrine (au-bdm); in addition, many nerves in the hypothalamus Meta-energy synthesizes and secretes hormones, which are called neurohormone. Neurohormones can be released along the axons of neuronal transport by axoplasmic flow to the distal end, which is called neurourine. Hormones are involved in controlling and integrating many functions such as circulation, balance of water and electrolytes, digestion and absorption of food, metabolism and energy balance of organic matter, reproduction, and response to stress. The main hormones of the human body and their effects. This chapter mainly introduces the hormonal effects and movements of hormones and adaptations related to substances and energy metabolism that have a significant impact on muscle working ability. Amino acids can be derived from amines and peptide hormones. Amine hormones are derived from tyrosine and are secreted by the thyroid gland and adrenal glands. Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, as well as the parathyroid glands and organs of the digestive system. Peptide hormones bind to membrane-specific receptors and alter cellular activity by modulating cellular signaling pathways. Peptide hormones include insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and prolactin. Insulin is a protein hormone secreted by the pancreas. It is involved in regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism, controlling blood sugar balance, and promoting liver and skeletal muscle to convert glucose in the blood into glycogen. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that is structurally very similar to insulin, regulating growth hormone (GH) and affecting the growth and development of cells. Prolactin is a peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. Other important protein receptors include the estrogen-related receptor-gamma (ERRγ), a protein receptor that has many similarities to the estrogen receptor, but it does not form a complex with estradiol. The aromatic hydrocarbon (ARH) receptor, although it is not clear what natural ligands are bound to it, there is evidence that the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor system plays an important role in regulating cellular stress response.